Recombinant uricase enzyme

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are recombinant mutant  Candida utilis  uricase enzymes with improved pancreatin stability and/or activity, compositions containing such uricase enzymes, which can be used, among other things, to treat diseases or disorders associated with an elevated amount of uric acid, including, for example, hyperuricemia, hyperuricosuria, and gout.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. application No. 62/529,726, filed Jul. 7, 2017, and U.S. application No. 62/678,511, filed May 31, 2018, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to methods and compositions for treating diseases or disorders associated with an elevated amount of uric acid, and, more particularly, the invention relates to recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricases and methods using, and compositions containing, such uricases for treating diseases or disorders associated with an elevated amount of uric acid.

BACKGROUND

Uric acid is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism in humans and higher primates. Uricase, or urate oxidase, is an enzyme that degrades uric acid into allantoin and carbon dioxide. Due to mutational silencing, humans and higher primates lack a functional uricase gene. Therefore, unlike certain other mammals, humans have lost the capacity to metabolize uric acid by hepatic uricase due to mutational silencing of the enzyme. Although humans produce large quantities of uric acid, the majority of the uric acid is excreted in urine. Nevertheless, increased production and/or decreased excretion of uric acid can result in high levels of uric acid in blood (hyperuricemia) and urine (hyperuricosuria). Hyperuricemia and hyperuricosuria can result, for example, as in inflammatory arthritis due to urate deposits in joints and cutaneous tissue.

Gout is a condition that affects an estimated 8 million Americans and is characterized by recurring attacks of joint inflammation (arthritis). The joint inflammation is precipitated by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joint fluid (synovial fluid) and joint lining (synovial lining). Intense joint inflammation occurs as white blood cells engulf the uric acid crystals and release inflammatory chemicals, causing pain, heat, and redness of the joint tissues. Chronic gout can additionally lead to decreased kidney function and kidney stones.

Limitations in efficacy and/or tolerance of existing therapies of gout such as oral xanthine oxidase inhibitors (for example, allopurinol), uricosurics, and intravenous uricase agents, contribute to refractoriness to urate-lowering therapy (ULT) in gout. For example, delayed or insufficient dosing with allopurinol contributes to refractory gout. See Fels and Sundy (2008), CURR. OPIN. RHEUMATOL., 20(2): 198-202. Renal excretion is the major route of uric acid elimination, but the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) plays an increasingly recognized role in urate homeostasis, especially in chronic kidney disease (CKD) where urate renal elimination is impaired.

Functional uricase enzymes can be found in a wide range of organisms, including animals, plants, bacteria and fungi, and, as such, exogenous uricase has been used in the treatment of diseases or disorders associated with an elevated amount of uric acid. Clinically approved uricases include Krystexxa® (pegloticase), which has been approved for the treatment of chronic refractory gout, and Elitek® (rasburicase), which has been approved for tumor lysis syndrome.

Although developments have been made to date, there is still an ongoing need for new and effective therapies for treating and managing diseases or disorders associated with an elevated amount of uric acid such as hyperuricemia and gout, and improved uricase enzymes for use in treating and managing such diseases or disorders.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is based, in part, upon the discovery of recombinant uricase enzymes that are active in humans and have greater stability and/or activity than naturally occurring enzymes. In particular, the recombinant enzymes of the invention exhibit improved stability against proteolytic digestion by pancreatin (a collection of enzymes secreted by the pancreas) compared to naturally occurring versions of the enzyme. Furthermore, the recombinant enzymes of the invention may have greater specific activity than a wild type uricase enzyme. Furthermore, it is contemplated that the recombinant enzymes described herein, given their enhanced stability, may be suitable for oral administration, and therefore potentially safer and more tolerable than the commercially available, injectable forms of uricase (e.g., Krystexxa® and Elitek®), because it is contemplated that the enzymes will remain active within the intestines and will not be absorbed through the intestinal wall.

In one aspect, the invention provides a recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase enzyme that comprises at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven or eight) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is selected from: (a) at position 180, isoleucine is substituted by valine or alanine (I180V or I180A), (b) at position 165, tyrosine is substituted by phenylalanine (Y165F), (c) at position 190, valine is substituted by glycine or alanine (V190G or V190A), (d) at position 51, glutamic acid is substituted by lysine (E51K), (e) at position 244, glutamine is substitute by lysine (Q244K), (f) at position 132, isoleucine is substituted by arginine or asparagine (I132R or I132N), (g) at position 97, valine is substituted by isoleucine (V97I), (h) at position 92, glutamic acid is substituted by asparagine (E92N), (i) at position 87, alanine is substituted by glycine (A87G), (j) at position 142, aspartic acid is substituted by glutamic acid (D142E), (k) at position 44, glycine is substituted by alanine (G44A), (1) at position 128, glycine is substituted by proline (G128P), (m) at position 236, alanine is substituted by asparagine (A236N), (n) at position 208, lysine is substituted by alanine (K208A), (o) at position 213, asparagine is substituted by alanine (N213A), (p) at position 140, serine is substituted by threonine (S140T), (q) at position 253, tyrosine is substituted by glutamine (Y253Q), (r) at position 84, alanine is substituted by serine (A84S), (s) at position 47, threonine is substituted by glutamic acid (T47E), (t) at position 95, serine is substituted by proline (S95P), (u) at position 103, lysine is substituted by threonine (K103T), (v) at position 134, aspartic acid is substituted by glutamic acid (D134E), (w) at position 136, tyrosine is substituted by arginine (Y136R), (x) at position 196, isoleucine is substituted by leucine (I196L), (y) at position 224, threonine is substituted by aspartic acid (T224D), (z) at position 285, proline is substituted by serine (P285S), and (aa) at position 296, valine is substituted by alanine (V296A).

In certain embodiments, the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzyme comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, V190A, E51K, Q244K, I132R, V97I, E92N, A87G, D142E, G44A, G128P, A236N, K208A, N213A, S140T, Y253Q, and A84S. In certain other embodiments, the uricase enzyme comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, Q244K, I132R, V97I, E92N, A87G, D142E, and G44A. In certain other embodiments, the uricase enzyme comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, I132R, and G44A. In certain other embodiments, the uricase enzyme comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, E51K, I132R, and G44A. In certain other embodiments, the uricase enzyme comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, Q244K, and I132R.

In another aspect, the invention provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzyme comprising at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, five, or six) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is present at a position selected from position 180, position 165, position 190, position 51, position 132, and position 44. In certain embodiments, one or more mutations may be conservative substitutions relative to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, whereas in certain other embodiments, one or more mutations may be non-conservative substitutions relative to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In another aspect, the invention provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzyme comprising at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, or five) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is present at a position selected from position 180, position 165, position 51, position 132, and position 44. In certain embodiments, one or more mutations may be conservative substitutions relative to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, whereas in certain other embodiments, one or more mutations may be non-conservative substitutions relative to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In another aspect, the invention provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase comprising at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, or five) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is present at a position selected from position 180, position 165, position 190, position 51, position 244, and position 132. In certain embodiments, one or more mutations may be conservative substitutions relative to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, whereas in certain other embodiments, one or more mutations may be non-conservative substitutions relative to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In certain embodiments, in any of the foregoing recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzymes, the uricase comprises two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight mutations.

In certain embodiments, in any of the foregoing recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzymes, the uricase comprises the following substitutions (i) I180V, Y165F, E51K, I132R, and G44A, (ii) I180A, Y165F, E51K, I132R, and G44A, (iii) I180V, Y165F, V190G, E51K, I132R, and G44A, (iv) I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, I132R, and G44A, (v) I180V and Y165F, or (vi) I180V, Y165F, V190G, E51K, Q244K, and I132R, either alone or in combination with other substitutions.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzyme comprising three substitutions listed in a given row of TABLE 1 hereinbelow. In certain embodiments, the invention provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzyme comprising five substitutions listed in a given row of TABLE 2 hereinbelow.

In another aspect, the invention provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase having a half-life of at least 35 minutes in the presence of pancreatin, e.g., a half-life of 35-200 minutes in the presence of pancreatin, for example, under the conditions set forth in Example 1.

It is contemplated that any of the foregoing recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricases may, for example, have 5-50 fold, 10-40 fold, 10-30 fold, 20-40 fold, or 20-30 fold, higher stability in the presence of pancreatin, compared to the wild-type uricase. The uricase may, for example, be more stable at a pH less than about 6.5 compared to the template (or reference) wild-type uricase.

It is contemplated that any of the foregoing recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricases may, for example, be conjugated to a water soluble polymer, e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG).

In certain embodiments, in any of the foregoing recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzymes, the uricase is isolated.

In another aspect, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding any one of the foregoing uricase enzymes. In certain embodiments, the nucleotide sequence is codon optimized for expression in a host cell, e.g., an Escherichia coli cell. The invention also provides an expression vector that comprises any one of the foregoing nucleotide sequences. Similarly, the invention provides host cells, e.g., Escherichia coli cells, comprising one or more of the foregoing expression vectors.

In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising any one of the foregoing recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzymes and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or an excipient. The enzyme may be in a soluble form or in a crystal form. Furthermore, the composition may comprise a pH increasing agent. It is contemplated that the pharmaceutical composition may, for example, be formulated as an oral dosage form or a parenteral dosage form. In certain embodiments, the composition is a formulated as a powder, granulate, pellet, micropellet, or a minitablet. In certain embodiments, the composition is encapsulated in a capsule, e.g., a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) capsule, soft gelatin capsule, or a hard gelatin capsule, or the composition is formulated as a tablet dosage form.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a disease or disorder associated with an elevated amount of uric acid in a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the disease or disorder is associated with an elevated amount of uric acid in plasma or urine of the subject. The method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of any of the uricase enzymes or compositions described herein, to treat the disease or disorder in the subject.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating hyperuricemia and/or hyperuricosuria in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of any of the uricase enzymes or compositions described herein, to treat the hyperuricemia and/or hyperuricosuria in the subject.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating gout in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of any of the uricase enzymes or compositions described herein, to treat the gout in the subject.

In certain embodiments, in any of the foregoing methods, the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase is administered in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (e.g., allopurinol or febuxostat), a uricosuric (e.g., probenecid, benzbromarone, losartan or lesinurad), or a combination thereof.

These and other aspects and features of the invention are described in the following detailed description and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention can be more completely understood with reference to the following drawings.

FIG. 1A is a SDS-PAGE gel depicting pancreatin, wild-type C. utilis uricase (His-UO), and wild-type C. utilis uricase following a 90 minute incubation with pancreatin. FIG. 1B is a line graph depicting wild-type C. utilis uricase activity as measured by loss of substrate uric acid concentration following incubation of wild-type C. utilis uricase with pancreatin for the indicated time points. Uric acid concentration is measured by absorbance at 298 nm.

FIG. 2A is a line graph depicting the activity of the indicated mutant C. utilis uricases in the presence of pancreatin. Data from two independent preparations are depicted for each uricase. Activity values are normalized to the activity in presence of pancreatin at time zero. FIG. 2B is a line graph demonstrating the reproducibility across each preparation for the data depicted in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 3 is a line graph depicting the activity of the R2_V79, R2_15, R2_V16 and R2_Parent mutant C. utilis uricases following incubation with pancreatin for the indicated time-points. Activity values are normalized to the activity in presence of pancreatin at time zero.

FIG. 4 shows protein unfolding as determined by differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) for wild-type C. utilis uricase and the indicated mutant C. utilis uricase enzymes.

FIG. 5 is an SDS-PAGE gel showing the R2_V17, R2_V4 and R2_V79 mutant C. utilis uricases following incubation with pancreatin for the indicated timepoints.

FIG. 6 is an SDS-PAGE gel showing the wild-type C. utilis uricase and R2_V17 mutant C. utilis uricase following incubation with pancreatin for the indicated timepoints.

FIG. 7 is a bar graph showing the pancreatin stability of the indicated mutant C. utilis uricases relative to wild-type. R2 mutant C. utilis uricases described in Example 1, each containing five substitutions (right), and mutant C. utilis uricases described in Example 2, each containing a single substitution (left and middle), are depicted.

FIG. 8 is a waterfall chart showing the pancreatin stability of the mutant C. utilis uricases described in Example 2, each containing a single substitution, relative to wild-type. Enzymes are ordered relative to their effect on stability.

FIG. 9A is a bar graph showing the plasma urate levels (mg/dL) in Uricase knockout (UrOxKO) mice with severe hyperuricemia. Mean (SEM) of pre-treatment (plasma urate level was measured in samples collected on day 7 after removal of maintenance dose of allopurinol), treatment (plasma urate level was measured in samples collected on day 7 after administration of 50 mg/L of allopurinol, 150 mg/L of allopurinol, or 150 mg/day mutant C. utilis uricase, respectively), and post-treatment (plasma urate level was measured in samples collected on day 7 after treatment was terminated) plasma urate levels are shown.

FIG. 9B is a bar graph showing the urine uric acid levels (mg/dL) in UrOxKO mice with severe hyperuricosuria. Uric acid levels were measured in 24-hour urine samples collected during the last 3 days of pre-treatment and treatment periods, as indicated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention is based, in part, upon the discovery of recombinant uricase enzymes that are active in humans and have greater stability and/or activity than naturally occurring enzymes. In particular, the recombinant enzymes of the invention exhibit improved stability against proteolytic digestion by pancreatin (a collection of enzymes secreted by the pancreas) compared to naturally occurring versions of the enzyme. Furthermore, the recombinant enzymes of the invention may have greater specific activity than a wild type uricase enzyme. Furthermore, it is contemplated that the recombinant enzymes described herein, given their enhanced stability, may be suitable for oral administration, and therefore potentially safer and more tolerable than the commercially available, injectable forms of uricase (e.g., Krystexxa® and Elitek®), because it is contemplated that the enzymes will remain active within the intestines and will not be absorbed through the intestinal wall because the size of the recombinant enzyme would preclude passive absorption, and no receptor has been identified for active transport of the enzyme from the intestine.

Various features and aspects of the invention are discussed in more detail below.

I. Uric Acid And Uricase

Uric acid (also known as urate) is the final product of purine metabolism in humans and higher primates. Uricase (also known as urate oxidase or UrOx) degrades uric acid into allantoin by catalyzing the following reaction:

Uric acid+O₂+H₂O→5-hydroxyisourate+H₂O₂→allantoin+CO₂.

Due to mutational silencing, humans and higher primates lack a functional uricase gene. However, functional uricase enzymes can be found in a wide range of organisms, including animals, plants, bacteria and fungi. One such organism is the yeast Candida utilis (also known as Cyberlindnera jadinii or Torula yeast). C. utilis uricase is a homo-tetrameric enzyme that does not require a metal atom or an organic co-factor for catalysis. The amino acid sequence of wild type C. utilis uricase is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) MSTTLSSSTYGKDNVKFLKVKKDPQNPKKQEVMEATVTCLLEGGFDTSYTE ADNSSIVPTDTVKNTILVLAKTTEIWPIERFAAKLATHFVEKYSHVSGVSV KIVQDRWVKYAVDGKPHDHSFIHEGGEKRITDLYYKRSGDYKLSSAIKDLT VLKSTGSMFYGYNKCDFTTLQPTTDRILSTDVDATWVWDNKKIGSVYDIAK AADKGIFDNVYNQAREITLTTFALENSPSVQATMFNMATQILEKACSVYSV SYALPNKHYFLIDLKWKGLENDNELFYPSPHPNGLIKCTVVRKEKTKL.

An exemplary nucleotide sequence encoding the wild type C. utilis uricase is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 7) ATGTCGACGACCCTGAGCAGCAGCACCTATGGCAAAGATAATGTGAAATTT CTGAAAGTCAAAAAAGACCCGCAGAACCCTAAGAAACAAGAGGTCATGGAA GCGACCGTTACGTGTCTGCTGGAAGGCGGCTTCGACACCAGCTATACCGAA GCGGATAATTCCTCCATCGTTCCGACCGATACGGTCAAGAACACCATTCTG GTTCTGGCCAAGACCACGGAAATCTGGCCAATTGAGCGCTTCGCCGCGAAA CTGGCGACCCATTTCGTTGAGAAGTACAGCCACGTGAGCGGCGTGAGCGTT AAAATTGTTCAGGATCGTTGGGTCAAATATGCCGTGGATGGTAAGCCGCAT GACCACAGCTTTATTCACGAGGGTGGCGAGAAGCGTATCACTGACCTGTAT TACAAGCGCAGCGGTGACTACAAATTGAGCAGCGCAATCAAAGACCTGACG GTCCTGAAAAGCACCGGTTCTATGTTTTACGGTTACAATAAGTGCGACTTT ACGACGCTCCAACCGACTACGGACCGTATCCTGTCTACCGATGTAGACGCG ACCTGGGTCTGGGATAACAAGAAAATTGGCAGCGTGTACGATATTGCGAAA GCCGCTGACAAGGGTATCTTCGACAACGTCTATAATCAAGCGCGTGAGATC ACCCTGACCACGTTTGCTCTGGAGAATTCCCCGAGCGTTCAGGCGACCATG TTTAACATGGCAACGCAGATTTTGGAAAAGGCATGTAGCGTGTACAGCGTG AGCTATGCATTGCCGAATAAGCACTACTTCCTGATTGATCTGAAGTGGAAG GGTCTGGAGAACGATAACGAACTGTTCTATCCGAGCCCGCACCCGAATGGT CTGATCAAGTGCACCGTTGTGCGTAAAGAAAAGACTAAACTG.

II. Recombinant Mutant Candida Utilis Uricase Enzymes

Among other things, the invention provides a family of recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase enzymes that, for example, are useful in treating disorders associated with elevated levels of uric acid in a subject, for example, disorders associated with elevated levels of uric acid in plasma of the subject. In certain embodiments, the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzymes described herein have higher stability compared to the wild-type C. utilis uricase, e.g., higher stability in the presence of pancreatin compared to the wild-type C. utilis uricase, and are therefore better suited for oral delivery and activity in the intestines than wild-type C. utilis uricase. Unless stated otherwise, as used herein, wild-type C. utilis uricase refers a C. utilis uricase having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a functional fragment thereof that can catalyze the oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate. As used herein, the term “functional fragment” is understood to be a protein fragment of wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1 that has at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98% of the activity of wild type C. utilis uricase to catalyze the conversion of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate and/or allantoin.

In one aspect, the invention provides a recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase enzyme that comprises at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven or eight) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is selected from: (a) at position 180, isoleucine is substituted by valine or alanine (I180V or I180A), (b) at position 165, tyrosine is substituted by phenylalanine (Y165F), (c) at position 190, valine is substituted by glycine or alanine (V190G or V190A), (d) at position 51, glutamic acid is substituted by lysine (E51K), (e) at position 244, glutamine is substitute by lysine (Q244K), (f) at position 132, isoleucine is substituted by arginine or asparagine (I132R or I132N), (g) at position 97, valine is substituted by isoleucine (V97I), (h) at position 92, glutamic acid is substituted by asparagine (E92N), (i) at position 87, alanine is substituted by glycine (A87G), (j) at position 142, aspartic acid is substituted by glutamic acid (D142E), (k) at position 44, glycine is substituted by alanine (G44A), (1) at position 128, glycine is substituted by proline (G128P), (m) at position 236, alanine is substituted by asparagine (A236N), (n) at position 208, lysine is substituted by alanine (K208A), (o) at position 213, asparagine is substituted by alanine

(N213A), (p) at position 140, serine is substituted by threonine (S140T), (q) at position 253, tyrosine is substituted by glutamine (Y253Q), (r) at position 84, alanine is substituted by serine (A84S), (s) at position 47, threonine is substituted by glutamic acid (T47E), (t) at position 95, serine is substituted by proline (S95P), (u) at position 103, lysine is substituted by threonine (K103T), (v) at position 134, aspartic acid is substituted by glutamic acid (D134E), (w) at position 136, tyrosine is substituted by arginine (Y136R), (x) at position 196, isoleucine is substituted by leucine (I196L), (y) at position 224, threonine is substituted by aspartic acid (T224D), (z) at position 285, proline is substituted by serine (P285S), and (aa) at position 296, valine is substituted by alanine (V296A).

In certain embodiments, the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzyme comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, V190A, E51K, Q244K, I132R, V97I, E92N, A87G, D142E, G44A, G128P, A236N, K208A, N213A, S140T, Y253Q, and A84S. In certain other embodiments, the uricase enzyme comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, Q244K, I132R, V97I, E92N, A87G, D142E, and G44A. In certain other embodiments, the uricase enzyme comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, I132R, and G44A. In certain other embodiments, the uricase enzyme comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, E51K, I132R, and G44A. In certain other embodiments, the uricase enzyme comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, Q244K, and I132R.

In another aspect, the invention provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzyme comprising at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, five, or six) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is present at a position selected from position 180, position 165, position 190, position 51, position 132, and position 44. In certain embodiments, one or more mutations may be conservative substitutions relative to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, whereas in certain other embodiments, one or more mutations may be non-conservative substitutions relative to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In another aspect, the invention provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzyme comprising at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, or five) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is present at a position selected from position 180, position 165, position 51, position 132, and position 44. In certain embodiments, one or more mutations may be conservative substitutions relative to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, whereas in certain other embodiments, one or more mutations may be non-conservative substitutions relative to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1. As used herein, the term “conservative substitution” refers to a substitution with a structurally similar amino acid. For example, conservative substitutions may include those within the following groups: Ser and Cys; Leu, Ile, and Val; Glu and Asp; Lys and Arg; Phe, Tyr, and Trp; and Gln, Asn, Glu, Asp, and His. Conservative substitutions may also be defined by the BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) algorithm, the BLOSUM substitution matrix (e.g., BLOSUM 62 matrix), or the PAM substitution:p matrix (e.g., the PAM 250 matrix). Non conservative substitutions are amino acid substitutions that are not conservative substitutions.

In another aspect, the invention provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase comprising at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, five, or six) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is present at a position selected from position 180, position 165, position 190, position 51, position 244, and position 132. In certain embodiments, one or more mutations may be conservative substitutions relative to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, whereas in certain other embodiments, one or more mutations may be non-conservative substitutions relative to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In certain embodiments, in any of the foregoing recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzymes, the uricase comprises two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight mutations.

In certain embodiments, in any of the foregoing recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzymes, the uricase comprises the following substitutions (i) I180V, Y165F, E51K, I132R, and G44A, (ii) I180A, Y165F, E51K, I132R, and G44A, (iii) I180V, Y165F, V190G, E51K, I132R, and G44A, (iv) I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, I132R, and G44A, (v) I180V and Y165F, or (vi) I180V, Y165F, V190G, E51K, Q244K, and I132R, either alone or in combination with other substitutions.

In one aspect, the invention provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzyme comprising three substitutions listed in a given row of TABLE 1.

TABLE 1 1 K130T I180V V190A 2 E51K H125K Q217L 3 Y165F D201E A242C 4 A83G V97I D201E 5 T38C G128P S251L 6 H125K G128P I196L 7 I180V V214A A242C 8 K130T F170Y A236N 9 Y165F I180V G197A 10 Y165F Q217L T243Q 11 A83G H119S Y165F 12 E51K Y137A Y165F 13 E92N S95A K130T 14 E92D I180V F281Y 15 G44A V97I S256N 16 S95A V185I Q217L

In another aspect, the invention provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase comprising five substitutions listed in a given row of TABLE 2.

TABLE 2 1 Y165F I180V Q25A T47E S256D 2 Y165F I180V D142Q Q217L A236N 3 Y165F I180V G128P R139E D142E 4 Y165F I180V E51K V97I A236N 5 Y165F I180V D134E R139E V296A 6 Y165F I180V A87G E220A T224D 7 Y165F I180V G44A G128P K270E 8 Y165F I180V D142Q I149L F165Y 9 Y165F I180V G44A Y136R Y253Q 10 Y165F I180V E51K I149L D268N 11 Y165F I180V D142E Q174G S254N 12 Y165F I180V E92N I149L Y253Q 13 Y165F I180V I132N V190A N213A 14 Y165F I180V E51K D142E S256N 15 Y165F I180V G44A E51K I132R 16 Y165F I180V K103T D134E V180I 17 Y165F I180V A52S A236N S256N 18 Y165F I180V G128P Y253Q P285S 19 Y165F I180V E51K P118I S147T 20 Y165F I180V A84S S140T K204A 21 Y165F I180V E51K G128P F170Y 22 Y165F I180V E51K A87G D142Q 23 Y165F I180V E51K G128P N213A 24 Y165F I180V V97I K103T N213A 25 Y165F I180V K103T F165Y K208A 26 Y165F I180V Q25A E51K V296A 27 Y165F I180V K85I P118I E220A 28 Y165F I180V E51K Y253Q K270E 29 Y165F I180V Q25A S95P D142E 30 Y165F I180V V97I G128P S140T 31 Y165F I180V G128P N193R S254N 32 Y165F I180V S95P I132N Y253Q 33 Y165F I180V T47E E92N V97I 34 Y165F I180V E51K D142E Q217L 35 Y165F I180V A52S K85I Q244K 36 Y165F I180V A84S G128P S256N 37 Y165F I180V A84S V97I Y253Q 38 Y165F I180V A87G I196L S256N 39 Y165F I180V E51K G128P Y253Q 40 Y165F I180V D142E I196L K208A 41 Y165F I180V E51K V97I I196L 42 Y165F I180V Q174G T224D Y253Q 43 Y165F I180V I132R D142E V296A 44 Y165F I180V V97I D142E Y253Q 45 Y165F I180V A84S D142E V190A 46 Y165F I180V E92N F170Y N193R 47 Y165F I180V G128P V180I Q217L 48 Y165F I180V V97I F170Y S254N 49 Y165F I180V E92N G128P D142E 50 Y165F I180V A52S I196L S254N 51 Y165F I180V S140T T224D S256N 52 Y165F I180V S95P K103T G128P 53 Y165F I180V Y136R Q244K L274I 54 Y165F I180V A84S Q217L Q244K 55 Y165F I180V S95P S140T L274I 56 Y165F I180V D142E N193R L274I 57 Y165F I180V G44A K204A P285S 58 Y165F I180V V97I D134E Y137R 59 Y165F I180V A52S E92N S256D 60 Y165F I180V V97I I132N T224D 61 Y165F I180V F170Y Q217L D268N 62 Y165F I180V S95P Q217L S254N 63 Y165F I180V G44A S95P V97I 64 Y165F I180V D142E S147T F170Y 65 Y165F I180V S140T F165Y A236N 66 Y165F I180V V97I K208A D268N 67 Y165F I180V V97I G128P V190A 68 Y165F I180V Y136R N193R K270E 69 Y165F I180V Q25A G128P I149L 70 Y165F I180V V97I P118I D142E 71 Y165F I180V I132R Q217L P285S 72 Y165F I180V T47E I196L Y253Q 73 Y165F I180V E51K Y136R V190A 74 Y165F I180V E92N V180I D268N 75 Y165F I180V A87G K204A L274I 76 Y165F I180V V97I S147T K270E 77 Y165F I180V R139E Q174G Q244K 78 Y165F I180V A84S A236N V296A 79 Y165F I180V E51K K85I P285S 80 Y165F I180V V180I Y253Q S256D 81 Y165F I180V E51K S140T D142E 82 Y165F I180V V97I E220A S256N 83 Y165F I180V Q174G N213A P285S 84 Y165F I180V P118I G128P I196L 85 Y165F I180V D134E K208A Y253Q

A recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase disclosed herein may, for example, have higher specific activity than wild-type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO.: 1. For example, a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase may have from 5 to 50 fold higher specific activity than the wild-type C. utilis uricase. In certain embodiments, the uricase has from about 5 to about 50, from about 5 to about 40, from about 5 to about 30, from about 5 to about 20, from about 5 to about 10, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 40, from about 10 to about 30, from about 10 to about 20, from about 20 to about 50, from about 20 to about 40, from about 20 to about 30, from about 30 to about 50, from about 30 to about 40, from about 40 to about 50, about 5, about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, or about 50 fold higher specific activity than wild-type C. utilis uricase.

Alternatively or in addition, the recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase disclosed herein may, for example, have higher stability, e.g., higher stability in the presence of pancreatin, compared to the wild-type C. utilis uricase. For example, a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase may have from 5 to 50 fold higher stability in the presence of pancreatin compared to the wild-type C. utilis uricase. In certain embodiments, the uricase has from about 5 to about 50, from about 5 to about 40, from about 5 to about 30, from about 5 to about 20, from about 5 to about 10, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 40, from about 10 to about 30, from about 10 to about 20, from about 20 to about 50, from about 20 to about 40, from about 20 to about 30, from about 30 to about 50, from about 30 to about 40, from about 40 to about 50, about 5, about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, or about 50 fold higher stability in the presence of pancreatin compared to the wild-type C. utilis uricase.

Alternatively or in addition, the recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase may, for example, have a half-life of at least 35 minutes in the presence of pancreatin. In certain embodiments, the uricase has a half-life of at least from about 35 to about 200 minutes, from about 35 to about 175 minutes, from about 35 to about 150 minutes, from about 35 to about 125 minutes, from about 35 to about 100 minutes, from about 35 to about 75 minutes, from about 35 to about 50 minutes, from about 50 to about 200 minutes, from about 50 to about 175 minutes, from about 50 to about 150 minutes, from about 50 to about 125 minutes, from about 50 to about 100 minutes, from about 50 to about 75 minutes, from about 75 to about 200 minutes, from about 75 to about 175 minutes, from about 75 to about 150 minutes, from about 75 to about 125 minutes, from about 75 to about 100 minutes, from about 100 to about 200 minutes, from about 100 to about 175 minutes, from about 100 to about 150 minutes, from about 100 to about 125 minutes, from about 125 to about 200 minutes, from about 125 to about 175 minutes, from about 125 to about 150 minutes, from about 150 to about 200 minutes, from about 150 to about 175 minutes, from about 175 to about 200 minutes, about 35 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 75 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 125 minutes, about 150 minutes, about 175 minutes, or about 200 minutes in the presence of pancreatin. Uricase stability or half-life may be measured by any method known in the art, including absorption based assays or SDS-PAGE as described in Example 1. Uricase half-life in the presence of pancreatin will depend upon the experimental conditions in which the half-life is measured, including, e.g., the concentration of pancreatin. In certain embodiments, the half-life of a disclosed recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase in the presence of pancreatin is measured in the presence of 20 ng/μL or 80 ng/μL pancreatin, e.g., pancreatin available from Sigma-Aldrich (Cat No. P7545).

Alternatively or in addition, it is contemplated that a recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase enzyme disclosed herein may, for example, have higher stability at a pH less than about 6.5 compared to the wild-type C. utilis uricase. For example, a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase may have from 5 to 50 fold higher stability in the presence of pancreatin compared to the wild-type C. utilis uricase. In certain embodiments, the uricase enzyme has from about 5 to about 50, from about 5 to about 40, from about 5 to about 30, from about 5 to about 20, from about 5 to about 10, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 40, from about 10 to about 30, from about 10 to about 20, from about 20 to about 50, from about 20 to about 40, from about 20 to about 30, from about 30 to about 50, from about 30 to about 40, from about 40 to about 50, about 5, about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, or about 50 fold higher stability at a pH less than about 6.5 compared to the wild-type C. utilis uricase. Uricase stability or half-life may be measured by any method known in the art, including absorption based assays or SDS-PAGE as described in Example 1.

The invention further provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase that comprises the following substitutions: Y165F, I180V, G44A, E51K, and I132R, e.g., a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase comprising the following amino acid sequence, e.g., a recombinant mutant uricase referred to as R2_V17 herein:

(SEQ ID NO: 2) MSTTLSSSTYGKDNVKFLKVKKDPQNPKKQEVMEATVTCLLEGAFDTSYTK ADNSSIVPTDTVKNTILVLAKTTEIWPIERFAAKLATHFVEKYSHVSGVSV KIVQDRWVKYAVDGKPHDHSFIHEGGEKRRTDLYYKRSGDYKLSSAIKDLT VLKSTGSMFYGFNKCDFTTLQPTTDRVLSTDVDATWVWDNKKIGSVYDIAK AADKGIFDNVYNQAREITLTTFALENSPSVQATMFNMATQILEKACSVYSV SYALPNKHYFLIDLKWKGLENDNELFYPSPHPNGLIKCTVVRKEKTKL.

The invention further provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase that comprises the following substitutions: Y165F, I180V, E51K, V97I, and A236N, e.g., a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase comprising the following amino acid sequence, e.g., a recombinant mutant uricase referred to as R2_V4 herein:

(SEQ ID NO: 3) MSTTLSSSTYGKDNVKFLKVKKDPQNPKKQEVMEATVTCLLEGGFDTSYTK ADNSSIVPTDTVKNTILVLAKTTEIWPIERFAAKLATHFVEKYSHISGVSV KIVQDRWVKYAVDGKPHDHSFIHEGGEKRITDLYYKRSGDYKLSSAIKDLT VLKSTGSMFYGFNKCDFTTLQPTTDRVLSTDVDATWVWDNKKIGSVYDIAK AADKGIFDNVYNQAREITLTTFALENSPSVQNTMFNMATQILEKACSVYSV SYALPNKHYFLIDLKWKGLENDNELFYPSPHPNGLIKCTVVRKEKTKL.

The invention further provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase that comprises the following substitutions: Y165F, I180V, I132R, Q217L, and P285S, e.g., a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase comprising the following amino acid sequence, e.g., a recombinant mutant uricase referred to as R2_V79 herein:

(SEQ ID NO: 4) MSTTLSSSTYGKDNVKFLKVKKDPQNPKKQEVMEATVTCLLEGGFDTSYTE ADNSSIVPTDTVKNTILVLAKTTEIWPIERFAAKLATHFVEKYSHVSGVSV KIVQDRWVKYAVDGKPHDHSFIHEGGEKRRTDLYYKRSGDYKLSSAIKDLT VLKSTGSMFYGFNKCDFTTLQPTTDRVLSTDVDATWVWDNKKIGSVYDIAK AADKGIFDNVYNLAREITLTTFALENSPSVQATMFNMATQILEKACSVYSV SYALPNKHYFLIDLKWKGLENDNELFYPSSHPNGLIKCTVVRKEKTKL.

The invention further provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase that comprises the following substitutions: Y165F, I180V, E51K, V97I, and I196L, e.g., a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase comprising the following amino acid sequence, e.g., a recombinant mutant uricase referred to as R2_V47 herein:

(SEQ ID NO: 5) MSTTLSSSTYGKDNVKFLKVKKDPQNPKKQEVMEATVTCLLEGGFDTSYTK ADNSSIVPTDTVKNTILVLAKTTEIWPIERFAAKLATHFVEKYSHISGVSV KIVQDRWVKYAVDGKPHDHSFIHEGGEKRITDLYYKRSGDYKLSSAIKDLT VLKSTGSMFYGFNKCDFTTLQPTTDRVLSTDVDATWVWDNKKLGSVYDIAK AADKGIFDNVYNQAREITLTTFALENSPSVQATMFNMATQILEKACSVYSV SYALPNKHYFLIDLKWKGLENDNELFYPSPHPNGLIKCTVVRKEKTKL.

The invention further provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase that comprises the following substitutions: Y165F, I180V, E51K, D142E, and Q217L, e.g., a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase comprising the following amino acid sequence, e.g., a recombinant mutant uricase referred to as R2_V39 herein:

(SEQ ID NO: 6) MSTTLSSSTYGKDNVKFLKVKKDPQNPKKQEVMEATVTCLLEGGFDTSYTK ADNSSIVPTDTVKNTILVLAKTTEIWPIERFAAKLATHFVEKYSHVSGVSV KIVQDRWVKYAVDGKPHDHSFIHEGGEKRITDLYYKRSGEYKLSSAIKDLT VLKSTGSMFYGFNKCDFTTLQPTTDRVLSTDVDATWVWDNKKIGSVYDIAK AADKGIFDNVYNLAREITLTTFALENSPSVQATMFNMATQILEKACSVYSV SYALPNKHYFLIDLKWKGLENDNELFYPSPHPNGLIKCTVVRKEKTKL.

The invention further provides a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase that has at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a C. utilis uricase disclosed herein, and has at least 60% specific activity and/or 5 fold higher stability as wild type C. utilis uricase. Sequence identity may be determined in various ways that are within the skill in the art, e.g., using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) analysis using the algorithm employed by the programs blastp, blastn, blastx, tblastn and tblastx (Karlin et al., (1990) PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. USA 87:2264-2268; Altschul, (1993) J. MOL. EVOL. 36, 290-300; Altschul et al., (1997) NUCLEIC ACIDS RES. 25:3389-3402, incorporated by reference) are tailored for sequence similarity searching. For a discussion of basic issues in searching sequence databases, see Altschul et al., (1994) NATURE GENETICS 6:119-129, which is fully incorporated by reference. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. The search parameters for histogram, descriptions, alignments, expect (i.e., the statistical significance threshold for reporting matches against database sequences), cutoff, matrix and filter are at the default settings. The default scoring matrix used by blastp, blastx, tblastn, and tblastx is the BLOSUM62 matrix (Henikoff et al., (1992) PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. USA 89:10915-10919, fully incorporated by reference). Four blastn parameters may be adjusted as follows: Q=10 (gap creation penalty); R=10 (gap extension penalty); wink=1 (generates word hits at every wink.sup.th position along the query); and gapw=16 (sets the window width within which gapped alignments are generated). The equivalent Blastp parameter settings may be Q=9; R=2; wink=1; and gapw=32. Searches may also be conducted using the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) BLAST Advanced Option parameter (e.g.: -G, Cost to open gap [Integer]: default=5 for nucleotides/11 for proteins; -E, Cost to extend gap [Integer]: default=2 for nucleotides/1 for proteins; -q, Penalty for nucleotide mismatch [Integer]: default=-3; -r, reward for nucleotide match [Integer]: default=1; -e, expect value [Real]: default=10; -W, wordsize [Integer]: default=11 for nucleotides/28 for megablast/3 for proteins; -y, Dropoff (X) for blast extensions in bits: default=20 for blastn/7 for others; -X, X dropoff value for gapped alignment (in bits): default=15 for all programs, not applicable to blastn; and -Z, final X dropoff value for gapped alignment (in bits): 50 for blastn, 25 for others). ClustalW for pairwise protein alignments may also be used (default parameters may include, e.g., Blosum62 matrix and Gap Opening Penalty=10 and Gap Extension Penalty=0.1). A Bestfit comparison between sequences, available in the GCG package version 10.0, uses DNA parameters GAP=50 (gap creation penalty) and LEN=3 (gap extension penalty) and the equivalent settings in protein comparisons are GAP=8 and LEN=2.

It is contemplated that a disclosed recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase may be modified, engineered or chemically conjugated. For example, it is contemplated that a disclosed recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase can be conjugated to an effector agent using standard in vitro conjugation chemistries. If the effector agent is a polypeptide, the uricase enzyme can be chemically conjugated to the effector or joined to the effector as a fusion protein. Construction of fusion proteins is within ordinary skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, depending upon a particular mode of administration or site of activity, a disclosed recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase can be modified with a moiety that improves its stabilization and/or retention in circulation, e.g., in blood, serum, or other tissues. For example, a disclosed recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzyme may be conjugated to a polymer, e.g., a substantially non-antigenic polymer, such as a polyalkylene oxide or a polyethylene oxide. In certain embodiments, a disclosed recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzyme is conjugated to a water soluble polymer, e.g., a hydrophilic polyvinyl polymer, e.g., polyvinylalcohol or polyvinylpyrrolidone. Examples of such polymers include polyalkylene oxide homopolymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polypropylene glycols, polyoxyethylenated polyols, copolymers thereof and block copolymers thereof. Additional useful polymers include polyoxyalkylenes such as polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, and block copolymers of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene, polymethacrylates, carbomers, and branched or unbranched polysaccharides.

III. Uricase Production

Methods for producing uricase enzymes of the invention are known in the art. For example, DNA molecules encoding a uricase enzyme can be chemically synthesized using the sequence information provided herein. Synthetic DNA molecules can be ligated to other appropriate nucleotide sequences, including, e.g., expression control sequences, to produce conventional gene expression constructs encoding the desired uricase enzyme.

Nucleic acids encoding desired uricase enzymes can be incorporated (ligated) into expression vectors, which can be introduced into host cells through conventional transfection or transformation techniques. Transformed host cells can be grown under conditions that permit the host cells to express the genes that encode the uricase enzyme.

Nucleic acids encoding recombinant mutant C. utilis uricases of the invention may be generated by mutating a nucleotide sequence encoding the wild type C. utilis uricase, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 7 disclosed herein, using methods known in the art. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, nucleic acids encoding recombinant mutant C. utilis uricases of the invention may be codon optimized for expression in a heterologous cell, e.g., an E. coli cell, using methods known in the art.

In one embodiment, an exemplary nucleotide sequence encoding a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase that comprises the following substitutions: Y165F, I180V, G44A,

E51K, and I132R, e.g., a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase referred to as R2_V17 herein, is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 8) ATGTCGACGACCCTGAGCAGCAGCACCTATGGCAAAGATAATGTGAAATTT CTGAAAGTCAAAAAAGACCCGCAGAACCCTAAGAAACAAGAGGTCATGGAA GCGACCGTTACGTGTCTGCTGGAAGGCGCGTTCGACACCAGCTATACCAAA GCGGATAATTCCTCCATCGTTCCGACCGATACGGTCAAGAACACCATTCTG GTTCTGGCCAAGACCACGGAAATCTGGCCAATTGAGCGCTTCGCCGCGAAA CTGGCGACCCATTTCGTTGAGAAGTACAGCCACGTGAGCGGCGTGAGCGTT AAAATTGTTCAGGATCGTTGGGTCAAATATGCCGTGGATGGTAAGCCGCAT GACCACAGCTTTATTCACGAGGGTGGCGAGAAGCGTCGTACTGACCTGTAT TACAAGCGCAGCGGTGACTACAAATTGAGCAGCGCAATCAAAGACCTGACG GTCCTGAAAAGCACCGGTTCTATGTTTTACGGTTTCAATAAGTGCGACTTT ACGACGCTCCAACCGACTACGGACCGTGTTCTGTCTACCGATGTAGACGCG ACCTGGGTCTGGGATAACAAGAAAATTGGCAGCGTGTACGATATTGCGAAA GCCGCTGACAAGGGTATCTTCGACAACGTCTATAATCAAGCGCGTGAGATC ACCCTGACCACGTTTGCTCTGGAGAATTCCCCGAGCGTTCAGGCGACCATG TTTAACATGGCAACGCAGATTTTGGAAAAGGCATGTAGCGTGTACAGCGTG AGCTATGCATTGCCGAATAAGCACTACTTCCTGATTGATCTGAAGTGGAAG GGTCTGGAGAACGATAACGAACTGTTCTATCCGAGCCCGCACCCGAATGGT CTGATCAAGTGCACCGTTGTGCGTAAAGAAAAGACTAAACTG.

An exemplary nucleotide sequence encoding a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase that comprises the following substitutions: Y165F, I180V, E51K, V97I, and A236N, e.g., a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase referred to as R2_V4 herein, is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 9) ATGTCGACGACCCTGAGCAGCAGCACCTATGGCAAAGATAATGTGAAATTT CTGAAAGTCAAAAAAGACCCGCAGAACCCTAAGAAACAAGAGGTCATGGAA GCGACCGTTACGTGTCTGCTGGAAGGCGGCTTCGACACCAGCTATACCAAA GCGGATAATTCCTCCATCGTTCCGACCGATACGGTCAAGAACACCATTCTG GTTCTGGCCAAGACCACGGAAATCTGGCCAATTGAGCGCTTCGCCGCGAAA CTGGCGACCCATTTCGTTGAGAAGTACAGCCACATCAGCGGCGTGAGCGTT AAAATTGTTCAGGATCGTTGGGTCAAATATGCCGTGGATGGTAAGCCGCAT GACCACAGCTTTATTCACGAGGGTGGCGAGAAGCGTATCACTGACCTGTAT TACAAGCGCAGCGGTGACTACAAATTGAGCAGCGCAATCAAAGACCTGACG GTCCTGAAAAGCACCGGTTCTATGTTTTACGGTTTCAATAAGTGCGACTTT ACGACGCTCCAACCGACTACGGACCGTGTTCTGTCTACCGATGTAGACGCG ACCTGGGTCTGGGATAACAAGAAAATTGGCAGCGTGTACGATATTGCGAAA GCCGCTGACAAGGGTATCTTCGACAACGTCTATAATCAAGCGCGTGAGATC ACCCTGACCACGTTTGCTCTGGAGAATTCCCCGAGCGTTCAGAACACCATG TTTAACATGGCAACGCAGATTTTGGAAAAGGCATGTAGCGTGTACAGCGTG AGCTATGCATTGCCGAATAAGCACTACTTCCTGATTGATCTGAAGTGGAAG GGTCTGGAGAACGATAACGAACTGTTCTATCCGAGCCCGCACCCGAATGGT CTGATCAAGTGCACCGTTGTGCGTAAAGAAAAGACTAAACTG.

An exemplary nucleotide sequence encoding a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase that comprises the following substitutions: Y165F, I180V, I132R, Q217L, and P285S, e.g., a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase referred to as R2_V79 herein, is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 10) ATGTCGACGACCCTGAGCAGCAGCACCTATGGCAAAGATAATGTGAAATTT CTGAAAGTCAAAAAAGACCCGCAGAACCCTAAGAAACAAGAGGTCATGGAA GCGACCGTTACGTGTCTGCTGGAAGGCGGCTTCGACACCAGCTATACCGAA GCGGATAATTCCTCCATCGTTCCGACCGATACGGTCAAGAACACCATTCTG GTTCTGGCCAAGACCACGGAAATCTGGCCAATTGAGCGCTTCGCCGCGAAA CTGGCGACCCATTTCGTTGAGAAGTACAGCCACGTGAGCGGCGTGAGCGTT AAAATTGTTCAGGATCGTTGGGTCAAATATGCCGTGGATGGTAAGCCGCAT GACCACAGCTTTATTCACGAGGGTGGCGAGAAGCGTCGTACTGACCTGTAT TACAAGCGCAGCGGTGACTACAAATTGAGCAGCGCAATCAAAGACCTGACG GTCCTGAAAAGCACCGGTTCTATGTTTTACGGTTTCAATAAGTGCGACTTT ACGACGCTCCAACCGACTACGGACCGTGTTCTGTCTACCGATGTAGACGCG ACCTGGGTCTGGGATAACAAGAAAATTGGCAGCGTGTACGATATTGCGAAA GCCGCTGACAAGGGTATCTTCGACAACGTCTATAATCTGGCGCGTGAGATC ACCCTGACCACGTTTGCTCTGGAGAATTCCCCGAGCGTTCAGGCGACCATG TTTAACATGGCAACGCAGATTTTGGAAAAGGCATGTAGCGTGTACAGCGTG AGCTATGCATTGCCGAATAAGCACTACTTCCTGATTGATCTGAAGTGGAAG GGTCTGGAGAACGATAACGAACTGTTCTATCCGAGCAGCCACCCGAATGGT CTGATCAAGTGCACCGTTGTGCGTAAAGAAAAGACTAAACTG.

An exemplary nucleotide sequence encoding a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase that comprises the following substitutions: Y165F, I180V, E51K, V97I, and I196L, e.g., a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase referred to as R2_V47 herein, is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 11) ATGTCGACGACCCTGAGCAGCAGCACCTATGGCAAAGATAATGTGAAATTT CTGAAAGTCAAAAAAGACCCGCAGAACCCTAAGAAACAAGAGGTCATGGAA GCGACCGTTACGTGTCTGCTGGAAGGCGGCTTCGACACCAGCTATACCAAA GCGGATAATTCCTCCATCGTTCCGACCGATACGGTCAAGAACACCATTCTG GTTCTGGCCAAGACCACGGAAATCTGGCCAATTGAGCGCTTCGCCGCGAAA CTGGCGACCCATTTCGTTGAGAAGTACAGCCACATCAGCGGCGTGAGCGTT AAAATTGTTCAGGATCGTTGGGTCAAATATGCCGTGGATGGTAAGCCGCAT GACCACAGCTTTATTCACGAGGGTGGCGAGAAGCGTATCACTGACCTGTAT TACAAGCGCAGCGGTGACTACAAATTGAGCAGCGCAATCAAAGACCTGACG GTCCTGAAAAGCACCGGTTCTATGTTTTACGGTTTCAATAAGTGCGACTTT ACGACGCTCCAACCGACTACGGACCGTGTTCTGTCTACCGATGTAGACGCG ACCTGGGTCTGGGATAACAAGAAACTGGGCAGCGTGTACGATATTGCGAAA GCCGCTGACAAGGGTATCTTCGACAACGTCTATAATCAAGCGCGTGAGATC ACCCTGACCACGTTTGCTCTGGAGAATTCCCCGAGCGTTCAGGCGACCATG TTTAACATGGCAACGCAGATTTTGGAAAAGGCATGTAGCGTGTACAGCGTG AGCTATGCATTGCCGAATAAGCACTACTTCCTGATTGATCTGAAGTGGAAG GGTCTGGAGAACGATAACGAACTGTTCTATCCGAGCCCGCACCCGAATGGT CTGATCAAGTGCACCGTTGTGCGTAAAGAAAAGACTAAACTG.

An exemplary nucleotide sequence encoding a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase that comprises the following substitutions: Y165F, I180V, E51K, D142E, and Q217L, e.g., a recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase referred to as R2_V39 herein, is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 12) ATGTCGACGACCCTGAGCAGCAGCACCTATGGCAAAGATAATGTGAAATTT CTGAAAGTCAAAAAAGACCCGCAGAACCCTAAGAAACAAGAGGTCATGGAA GCGACCGTTACGTGTCTGCTGGAAGGCGGCTTCGACACCAGCTATACCAAA GCGGATAATTCCTCCATCGTTCCGACCGATACGGTCAAGAACACCATTCTG GTTCTGGCCAAGACCACGGAAATCTGGCCAATTGAGCGCTTCGCCGCGAAA CTGGCGACCCATTTCGTTGAGAAGTACAGCCACGTGAGCGGCGTGAGCGTT AAAATTGTTCAGGATCGTTGGGTCAAATATGCCGTGGATGGTAAGCCGCAT GACCACAGCTTTATTCACGAGGGTGGCGAGAAGCGTATCACTGACCTGTAT TACAAGCGCAGCGGTGAGTACAAATTGAGCAGCGCAATCAAAGACCTGACG GTCCTGAAAAGCACCGGTTCTATGTTTTACGGTTTCAATAAGTGCGACTTT ACGACGCTCCAACCGACTACGGACCGTGTTCTGTCTACCGATGTAGACGCG ACCTGGGTCTGGGATAACAAGAAAATTGGCAGCGTGTACGATATTGCGAAA GCCGCTGACAAGGGTATCTTCGACAACGTCTATAATCTGGCGCGTGAGATC ACCCTGACCACGTTTGCTCTGGAGAATTCCCCGAGCGTTCAGGCGACCATG TTTAACATGGCAACGCAGATTTTGGAAAAGGCATGTAGCGTGTACAGCGTG AGCTATGCATTGCCGAATAAGCACTACTTCCTGATTGATCTGAAGTGGAAG GGTCTGGAGAACGATAACGAACTGTTCTATCCGAGCCCGCACCCGAATGGT CTGATCAAGTGCACCGTTGTGCGTAAAGAAAAGACTAAACTG.

Specific expression and purification conditions will vary depending upon the expression system employed. For example, if a gene is to be expressed in E. coli, it can be cloned into an expression vector by positioning the engineered gene downstream from a suitable bacterial promoter, e.g., Trp or Tac, and a prokaryotic signal sequence. The expressed secreted protein accumulates in refractile or inclusion bodies, and can be harvested after disruption of the cells by French press or sonication. The refractile bodies then are solubilized, and the proteins refolded and cleaved by methods known in the art.

A uricase enzyme can be produced by growing (culturing) a host cell transfected with an expression vector encoding such uricase enzyme, under conditions that permit expression of the uricase enzyme. Following expression, the uricase enzyme can be harvested and purified or isolated using techniques known in the art, e.g., affinity tags such as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and histidine tags. An exemplary expression and purification protocol for a uricase enzyme is described in Liu et al. (2011) APPL. MICROBIOL. BIOTECHNOL. 92(3):529-37.

IV. Pharmaceutical Compositions

For therapeutic use, a recombinant uricase enzyme described herein preferably is combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein refers to buffers, carriers, and excipients suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as a phosphate buffered saline solution, water, emulsions (e.g., such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsions), and various types of wetting agents. The compositions also can include stabilizers and preservatives. For examples of carriers, stabilizers and adjuvants, see, e.g., Martin, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15th Ed., Mack Publ. Co., Easton, Pa. [1975]. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include buffers, solvents, dispersion media, coatings, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, that are compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art.

In certain embodiments, the uricase enzymes can be formulated, or co-administered (either at the same time or sequentially), for example, by an enteral route (e.g., orally), with a pH increasing agent, for example, a protein pump inhibitor (PPI), to enhance the stability of the uricase enzyme, for example, in an acidic environment, for example, in the gastrointestinal tract.

Proton pump inhibitors are a group of drugs whose main action is pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production. Proton pump inhibitors act by blocking the hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system (the H⁺/K⁺ ATPase, or more commonly just gastric proton pump) of the gastric parietal cell. The proton pump is the terminal stage in gastric acid secretion, being directly responsible for secreting H⁺ ions into the gastric lumen, making it an ideal target for inhibiting acid secretion. Examples of proton pump inhibitors include: Omeprazole (brand names: LOSEC®, PRILOSEC®, ZEGERID®); Lansoprazole (brand names: PREVACID®, ZOTON®, INHIBITOL®); Esomeprazole (brand names: NEXIUM®); and Pantoprazole (brand names: PROTONIX®, SOMAC®PANTOLOC®).

Pharmaceutical compositions containing a recombinant uricase enzyme disclosed herein can be presented in a dosage unit form and can be prepared by any suitable method. A pharmaceutical composition should be formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. The pharmaceutical compositions may be in a variety of forms. These include, for example, liquid, semi-solid and solid dosage forms, such as liquid solutions, dispersions or suspensions, tablets, pills, powders, liposomes and suppositories. The preferred form will depend upon the intended mode of administration and therapeutic application.

Although the compositions preferably are formulated for administration enterally (for example, orally), such compositions can be administered by a parenteral mode (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intramuscular injection). The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally” as used herein mean modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and include, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and infrasternal injection and infusion.

The composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, dispersion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable for stable storage at high concentration. Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating an agent described herein in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating an agent described herein into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze drying that yield a powder of an agent described herein plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof. The proper fluidity of a solution can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prolonged absorption of injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and gelatin.

Depending upon the mode of administration, for example, by parenteral administration, it may be desirable to produce a pharmaceutical formulation that is sterile. Sterilization can be accomplished by any suitable method, e.g., filtration through sterile filtration membranes. Where the composition is lyophilized, filter sterilization can be conducted prior to or following lyophilization and reconstitution.

In certain embodiments, a disclosed composition comprises a polyionic reagent which may, e.g., coat the uricase (e.g., the composition comprises a polyionic coating). Exemplary polyionic reagents include PSS (poly(Sodium 4-styrenesulfonate), PAA (poly Acrylic acid sodium salt), PMG (poly(methylene-co-guanidine) hydrochloride), DS (dextran sulfate), PMA (poly(methyl acrylate)), or PVS (polyvinylsiloxane).

V. Therapeutic Uses

The recombinant uricase enzymes disclosed herein can be used to treat various diseases or disorders associated with an elevated amount of uric acid in a subject. As used herein, “elevated amount of uric acid in a subject” may refer to an elevated amount of uric acid in a body fluid (e.g., blood, plasma, serum, or urine), tissue and/or cell in a subject, relative to a subject without the disease or disorder. In human blood, uric acid concentrations between 2.4-6 mg/dL for females and 3.4-7.2 mg/dL for males are considered normal by the Clinical Mayo Reference laboratory.

The invention provides a method of treating a disease or disorder associated with an elevated amount of uric acid in a subject. In certain embodiments, the disease or disorder is associated with an elevated amount of uric acid in plasma of the subject. The method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a disclosed recombinant uricase, either alone or in a combination with another therapeutic agent to treat the disease or disorder in the subject. The term “effective amount” as used herein refers to the amount of an active agent (e.g., a recombinant uricase of the present invention) sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results. An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations, applications or dosages and is not intended to be limited to a particular formulation or administration route.

In certain embodiments, the method comprises orally administering to the subject an effective amount of a disclosed recombinant uricase, either alone or in a combination with another therapeutic agent to treat the disease or disorder in the subject. It is contemplated that, in certain embodiments, the orally administered recombinant uricase may avoid passive absorption in the intestine due to its size, and if metabolized, the novel recombinant uricase of the present invention orally administered with food would be metabolized in a manner similar to that of any other ingested protein.

As used herein, “treat”, “treating” and “treatment” mean the treatment of a disease in a subject, e.g., in a human. This includes: (a) inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting its development; and (b) relieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the disease state. As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” refer to an organism to be treated by the methods and compositions described herein. Such organisms preferably include, but are not limited to, mammals (e.g., murines, simians, equines, bovines, porcines, canines, felines, and the like), and more preferably includes humans.

Examples of diseases or disorders associated with an elevated amount of uric acid include a metabolic disorder, e.g., metabolic syndrome, hyperuricemia, gout (e.g., gouty arthritis), Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, renal disease, metabolic syndrome, uric acid nephrolithiasis (or kidney stones (see Wiederkehr et al. (2011), Clin. Rev. Bone. Miner. Metab., 9(3-4):207-217 (“Uric acid nephrolithiasis is characteristically a manifestation of a systemic metabolic disorder. It has a prevalence of about 10% among all stone formers, the third most common type of kidney stone in the industrialized world.))), tumor lysis syndrome, and hyperuricosuria.

The methods and compositions described herein can be used alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents and/or modalities. The term administered “in combination,” as used herein, is understood to mean that two (or more) different treatments are delivered to the subject during the course of the subject's affliction with the disorder, such that the effects of the treatments on the patient overlap at a point in time. In certain embodiments, the delivery of one treatment is still occurring when the delivery of the second begins, so that there is overlap in terms of administration. This is sometimes referred to herein as “simultaneous” or “concurrent delivery.” In other embodiments, the delivery of one treatment ends before the delivery of the other treatment begins. In certain embodiments of either case, the treatment is more effective because of combined administration. For example, the second treatment is more effective, e.g., an equivalent effect is seen with less of the second treatment, or the second treatment reduces symptoms to a greater extent, than would be seen if the second treatment were administered in the absence of the first treatment, or the analogous situation is seen with the first treatment. In certain embodiments, delivery is such that the reduction in a symptom, or other parameter related to the disorder is greater than what would be observed with one treatment delivered in the absence of the other. The effect of the two treatments can be partially additive, wholly additive, or greater than additive. The delivery can be such that an effect of the first treatment delivered is still detectable when the second is delivered.

In certain embodiments, a method or composition described herein, is administered in combination with one or more additional therapies selected from a xanthine-oxidase inhibitor (e.g., allopurinol, TEI-6720 (2-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid), febuxostat (2-[3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl]-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid), oxypurinol, or pteridylaldehyde), a uricosuric (e.g., probenecid, lesinurad, sulfinpyrazone, sulfinpyrazone, or fenofibrate), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, acetazolamide, a potassium supplement, and any combination thereof.

Throughout the description, where compositions are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes and methods are described as having, including, or comprising specific steps, it is contemplated that, additionally, there are compositions of the present invention that consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that there are processes and methods according to the present invention that consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited processing steps.

In the application, where an element or component is said to be included in and/or selected from a list of recited elements or components, it should be understood that the element or component can be any one of the recited elements or components, or the element or component can be selected from a group consisting of two or more of the recited elements or components.

Further, it should be understood that elements and/or features of a composition or a method described herein can be combined in a variety of ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, whether explicit or implicit herein. For example, where reference is made to a particular compound, that compound can be used in various embodiments of compositions of the present invention and/or in methods of the present invention, unless otherwise understood from the context. In other words, within this application, embodiments have been described and depicted in a way that enables a clear and concise application to be written and drawn, but it is intended and will be appreciated that embodiments may be variously combined or separated without parting from the present teachings and invention(s). For example, it will be appreciated that all features described and depicted herein can be applicable to all aspects of the invention(s) described and depicted herein.

It should be understood that the expression “at least one of” includes individually each of the recited objects after the expression and the various combinations of two or more of the recited objects unless otherwise understood from the context and use. The expression “and/or” in connection with three or more recited objects should be understood to have the same meaning unless otherwise understood from the context.

The use of the term “include,” “includes,” “including,” “have,” “has,” “having,” “contain,” “contains,” or “containing,” including grammatical equivalents thereof, should be understood generally as open-ended and non-limiting, for example, not excluding additional unrecited elements or steps, unless otherwise specifically stated or understood from the context.

Where the use of the term “about” is before a quantitative value, the present invention also includes the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term “about” refers to a ±10% variation from the nominal value unless otherwise indicated or inferred.

It should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain actions is immaterial so long as the present invention remain operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions may be conducted simultaneously.

The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language herein, for example, “such as” or “including,” is intended merely to illustrate better the present invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the present invention.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples are merely illustrative and are not intended to limit the scope or content of the invention in any way.

Example 1 Recombinant Mutant Candida Utilis Uricase Design and Testing

This example describes the design and testing of recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricases with improved pancreatin stability.

95 mutant C. utilis uricases were designed each with three amino acid substitutions relative to the wild-type sequence. The mutant C. utilis uricases are indicated as R1_V1-R1_V95.

Briefly, DNA fragments encoding the 95 mutant C. utilis uricases were cloned into a rhamanose pD861-NH expression vector (ATUM, Newark, Calif.) that encodes a N-terminal His-tag. All constructs were confirmed by sequencing. Following expression in Escherichia coli cells, each recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase enzyme was bound to a Ni-NTA column and eluted in a buffer containing 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 200 mM imidazole, and 50% (v/v) glycerol.

The purified recombinant mutant C. utilis uricases were tested for enzymatic activity in the presence of pancreatin (Sigma-Aldrich Cat No. P7545; which converts at least 25 times its weight of potato starch into soluble carbohydrates in 5 minutes in water at 40° C., digests at least 25 times its weight of casein in 60 minutes at pH 7.5 at 40° C., and releases at least 2 microequivalents of acid per minute per mg pancreatin from olive oil at pH 9.0 at 37° C.) to determine pancreatin stability. Briefly, 25 ng/μL of uricase was incubated with 20 ng/μL of pancreatin at 37° C. for up to 200 minutes. The assay was performed in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) buffer (50 mM potassium phosphate, pH 6.8) in 96 well plates. Following incubation with pancreatin for the indicated time points, enzymatic activity was monitored using an absorption based assay. Uric acid has a strong absorbance at 293 nm, and the enzymatic oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate by uricase results in a corresponding drop in 293 nm absorbance over time.

Results for C. utilis uricase mutants with the most improved pancreatin stability were confirmed over multiple protein preparations. Representative data for wild type C. utilis uricase is depicted in FIG. 1, and representative data for a subset of mutant C. utilis uricases is depicted in FIG. 2.

TABLE 3 depicts the amino acid substitutions for the 95 recombinant mutant C. utilis uricases, as well as the specific activity (μM/minute per 1.2 ng/μl of uricase), pancreatin stability (half-life, minutes) and expression yield (μg/ml) for each enzyme. “nd” indicates that activity and stability measurements were not determined due to insufficient expression yield.

TABLE 3 Expres- Specific Pancreatin sion Clone Activity* Stability# (μg/ml) Substitutions WT 4-4.9 10-19 200-299 R1_V1 >5 0-9 >300 G44A S95P P285S R1_V2 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 S140T Y163H S254N R1_V3 3-3.9 0-9 200-299 T38C H119S T243Q R1_V4 4-4.9 0-9 100-199 E92D Y137A K167R R1_V5 >5 >50 10-99 K130T I180V V190A R1_V6 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 Y136H I196L K208G R1_V7 4-4.9 10-19 200-299 V97I Y136H V185I R1_V8 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 T62S I196L D201E R1_V9 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 V69I Q244D H286C R1_V10 0-2.9 0-9 200-299 H125K Y163H Y253Q R1_V11 0-2.9 0-9 100-199 A84S H125K N276D R1_V12 3-3.9 0-9 100-199 H119S Y136D S254N R1_V13 >5 0-9 >300 K130T D142E F239Y R1_V14 4-4.9 0-9 100-199 K167R T243Q S254N R1_V15 0-2.9 0-9 10-99 Y136H Y143A M161Q R1_V16 3-3.9 20-49 200-299 E51K H125K Q217L R1_V17 >5 0-9 >300 D142E Y163H D201E R1_V18 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 G44A E51K G159N R1_V19 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 Y136D I196L S251L R1_V20 4-4.9 20-49 200-299 Y165F D201E A242C R1_V21 >5 10-19 10-99 A83G V97I D201E R1_V22 4-4.9 10-19 200-299 E92N Q244D Y253Q R1_V23 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 D46E V97I H286C R1_V24 3-3.9 0-9 200-299 D46E V69I G159N R1_V25 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 F170Y S198G V214A R1_V26 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 S95A A113E H286C R1_V27 4-4.9 0-9 100-199 E92D Y136D H286A R1_V28 0-2.9 0-9 200-299 Y136D Y163H N276D R1_V29 nd nd 0-9 Y143A S251L H286C R1_V30 nd nd 0-9 A83G Y163H G197A R1_V31 >5 10-19 200-299 T38C G128P S251L R1_V32 3-3.9 10-19 200-299 H125K G128P I196L R1_V33 4-4.9 0-9 10-99 L70E V190A A236N R1_V34 4-4.9 10-19 100-199 A242C Q244D P285S R1_V35 3-3.9 0-9 100-199 E92N D201E E229D R1_V36 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 Y136H S256N F281Y R1_V37 4-4.9 0-9 10-99 L70E V105I Q217L R1_V38 4-4.9 20-49 200-299 I180V V214A A242C R1_V39 nd nd 0-9 V105I Y143A A236N R1_V40 4-4.9 10-19 200-299 K130T F170Y A236N R1_V41 nd nd 0-9 G44A S140T Y143A R1_V42 4-4.9 10-19 200-299 V105I S140T D142E R1_V43 4-4.9 10-19 10-99 A83G A84S V185I R1_V44 4-4.9 10-19 100-199 A113E K208G Q244D R1_V45 3-3.9 0-9 200-299 V69I F239Y S251L R1_V46 3-3.9 0-9 100-199 D46E T62S A242C R1_V47 4-4.9 0-9 >300 S95P F281Y H286A R1_V48 3-3.9 0-9 200-299 T62S Q244D F281Y R1_V49 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 A113E Y253Q S256N R1_V50 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 V105I G128P E229D R1_V51 4-4.9 10-19 200-299 A84S S140T F281Y R1_V52 >5 0-9 100-199 G197A Y253Q H286A R1_V53 4-4.9 10-19 200-299 G44A G128P V185I R1_V54 4-4.9 0-9 10-99 V97I G197A V214A R1_V55 0-2.9 0-9 200-299 T62S H119S M161Q R1_V56 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 V69I A84S A236N R1_V57 >5 >50 10-99 Y165F I180V G197A R1_V58 4-4.9 20-49 200-299 Y165F Q217L T243Q R1_V59 3-3.9 0-9 200-299 G159N K167R F239Y R1_V60 4-4.9 10-19 200-299 E92D S140T P285S R1_V61 4-4.9 0-9 10-99 V69I L70E E92N R1_V62 4-4.9 0-9 10-99 L70E K130T T243Q R1_V63 3-3.9 0-9 200-299 H119S K208G H286A R1_V64 0-2.9 20-49 100-199 A83G H119S Y165F R1_V65 4-4.9 10-19 100-199 T38C M161Q S254N R1_V66 4-4.9 10-19 200-299 S95P Q217L A236N R1_V67 4-4.9 20-49 100-199 E51K Y137A Y165F R1_V68 4-4.9 10-19 100-199 E92N S95A K130T R1_V69 4-4.9 0-9 100-199 A84S G159N S198G R1_V70 4-4.9 20-49 200-299 E92D I180V F281Y R1_V71 0-2.9 0-9 100-199 G159N F170Y N276D R1_V72 4-4.9 20-49 200-299 G44A V97I S256N R1_V73 4-4.9 10-19 10-99 E92D V190A S198G R1_V74 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 S95A F239Y S256N R1_V75 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 K208G V214A H286C R1_V76 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 T38C D142E E229D R1_V77 0-2.9 0-9 200-299 H125K Y136H V214A R1_V78 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 S95P Y137A D142E R1_V79 4-4.9 10-19 200-299 S95A V185I Q217L R1_V80 4-4.9 10-19 200-299 E51K F170Y T243Q R1_V81 nd nd 0-9 T38C Y136D Y143A R1_V82 4-4.9 10-19 200-299 M161Q S198G A242C R1_V83 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 S95P V105I S256N R1_V84 nd nd 0-9 L70E Y137A F170Y R1_V85 4-4.9 0-9 100-199 D46E V190A E229D R1_V86 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 S95A K167R P285S R1_V87 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 V190A F239Y H286A R1_V88 3-3.9 0-9 100-199 T62S E92N Y137A R1_V89 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 D46E A113E G128P R1_V90 >5 10-19 200-299 I196L Y253Q P285S R1_V91 4-4.9 10-19 200-299 E51K M161Q V185I R1_V92 0-2.9 0-9 10-99 A83G A113E N276D R1_V93 4-4.9 0-9 10-99 G197A K208G S251L R1_V94 4-4.9 0-9 200-299 K167R I180V E229D R1_V95 0-2.9 0-9 10-99 S198G S254N N276D *Specific Activity unit: μM/minute per 1.2 ng/μl of uricase; #Pancreatin Stability unit: half-life, minutes

An analysis of the 95 recombinant mutant C. utilis uricases using protein modeling tools identified Y165F and I180V as key substitutions contributing towards improved pancreatin stability. As a result, a mutant C. utilis uricase enzyme containing these two substitutions was used a parent in the design of a second round of C. utilis uricases.

Unless otherwise indicated, the second round of mutational design, expression, purification, and pancreatin stability assays were all conducted as described above. The process resulted in 95 mutant C. utilis uricases each with five amino substitutions relative to the wild-type sequence, two of which in each case were the Y165F and I180V substitutions. The mutant C. utilis uricases are indicated as R2_V1_R2_V95 in TABLE 4.

TABLE 4 depicts the amino acid substitutions for the 95 mutant C. utilis uricases, as well as the specific activity (μM/minute per 1.2 ng/μl of uricase), pancreatin stability (half-life, minutes) and expression yield (μg/ml) for each enzyme. Pancreatin stability was assayed at 80 ng/μL soluble pancreatin. “nd” indicates that activity and stability measurements were not determined due to insufficient expression yield.

TABLE 4 Specific Pancreatin Expression Clone Activity* Stability# (μg/ml) Substitutions R2 Parent 4-4.9 30-49 200-299 Y165F I180V R2_V1 4-4.9 10-29 >300 Y165F I180V Q25A T47E S256D R2_V2 4-4.9 30-49 200-299 Y165F I180V D142Q Q217L A236N R2_V3 4-4.9 30-49 200-299 Y165F I180V G128P R139E D142E R2_V4 4-4.9 >50 200-299 Y165F I180V E51K V97I A236N R2_V5 3-3.9 0-9 200-299 Y165F I180V E51K F170Y W271R R2_V6 4-4.9 10-29 100-199 Y165F I180V D134E R139E V296A R2_V7 4-4.9 10-29 200-299 Y165F I180V A87G E220A T224D R2_V8 3-3.9 10-29 >300 Y165F I180V G44A G128P K270E R2_V9 4-4.9 10-29 200-299 Y165F I180V D142Q I149L F165Y R2_V10 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V G44A Y136R Y253Q R2_V11 3-3.9 0-9 200-299 Y165F I180V I132R S256D W271R R2_V12 >5 30-49 100-199 Y165F I180V E51K I149L D268N R2_V13 >5 0-9 200-299 Y165F I180V D142E Q174G S254N R2_V14 4-4.9 >50 200-299 Y165F I180V E92N I149L Y253Q R2_V15 4-4.9 >50 10-99 Y165F I180V I132N V190A N213A R2_V16 4-4.9 30-49 200-299 Y165F I180V E51K D142E S256N R2_V17 4-4.9 >50 200-299 Y165F I180V G44A E51K I132R R2_V18 4-4.9 0-9 >300 Y165F I180V K103T D134E V180I R2_V19 0-2.9 0-9 10-99 Y165F I180V K85I S147T Q217L R2_V20 nd nd 0-9 Y165F I180V E51K Y137R S254N R2_V21 4-4.9 10-29 200-299 Y165F I180V A52S A236N S256N R2_V22 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V G128P Y253Q P285S R2_V23 4-4.9 10-29 10-99 Y165F I180V E51K P118I S147T R2_V24 4-4.9 30-49 200-299 Y165F I180V A84S S140T K204A R2_V25 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V E51K G128P F170Y R2_V26 4-4.9 30-49 100-199 Y165F I180V E51K A87G D142Q R2_V27 4-4.9 30-49 200-299 Y165F I180V E51K G128P N213A R2_V28 4-4.9 30-49 200-299 Y165F I180V V97I K103T N213A R2_V29 4-4.9 10-29 200-299 Y165F I180V K103T F165Y K208A R2_V30 >5 30-49 200-299 Y165F I180V Q25A E51K V296A R2_V31 4-4.9 0-9 100-199 Y165F I180V K85I P118I E220A R2_V32 3-3.9 10-29 200-299 Y165F I180V E51K Y253Q K270E R2_V33 nd nd 0-9 Y165F I180V G128P Y137R A236N R2_V34 4-4.9 10-29 >300 Y165F I180V Q25A S95P D142E R2_V35 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V V97I G128P S140T R2_V36 4-4.9 30-49 100-199 Y165F I180V G128P N193R S254N R2_V37 4-4.9 30-49 200-299 Y165F I180V S95P I132N Y253Q R2_V38 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V T47E E92N V97I R2_V39 4-4.9 >50 >300 Y165F I180V E51K D142E Q217L R2_V40 3-3.9 10-29 >300 Y165F I180V A52S K85I Q244K R2_V41 4-4.9 10-29 200-299 Y165F I180V A84S G128P S256N R2_V42 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V A84S V97I Y253Q R2_V43 4-4.9 10-29 100-199 Y165F I180V A87G I196L S256N R2_V44 nd nd 0-9 Y165F I180V Y137R D142Q K204A R2_V45 4-4.9 >50 >300 Y165F I180V E51K G128P Y253Q R2_V46 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V D142E I196L K208A R2_V47 4-4.9 >50 >300 Y165F I180V E51K V97I I196L R2_V48 3-3.9 0-9 >300 Y165F I180V Q174G T224D Y253Q R2_V49 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V I132R D142E V296A R2_V50 3-3.9 0-9 >300 Y165F I180V G44A D142E W271R R2_V51 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V V97I D142E Y253Q R2_V52 4-4.9 30-49 200-299 Y165F I180V A84S D142E V190A R2_V53 4-4.9 30-49 200-299 Y165F I180V E92N F170Y N193R R2_V54 3-3.9 0-9 >300 Y165F I180V G128P V180I Q217L R2_V55 4-4.9 30-49 200-299 Y165F I180V V97I F170Y S254N R2_V56 3-3.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V E92N G128P D142E R2_V57 4-4.9 10-29 100-199 Y165F I180V A52S I196L S254N R2_V58 4-4.9 10-29 200-299 Y165F I180V S140T T224D S256N R2_V59 4-4.9 10-29 >300 Y165F I180V S95P K103T G128P R2_V60 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V Y136R Q244K L274I R2_V61 4-4.9 >50 200-299 Y165F I180V A84S Q217L Q244K R2_V62 4-4.9 10-29 >300 Y165F I180V S95P S140T L274I R2_V63 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V D142E N193R L274I R2_V64 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V G44A K204A P285S R2_V65 0-2.9 10-29 10-99 Y165F I180V V97I D134E Y137R R2_V66 4-4.9 10-29 100-199 Y165F I180V A52S E92N S256D R2_V67 nd nd 0-9 Y165F I180V D142E F165Y P285S R2_V68 4-4.9 30-49 100-199 Y165F I180V V97I I132N T224D R2_V69 4-4.9 10-29 100-199 Y165F I180V F170Y Q217L D268N R2_V70 4-4.9 30-49 200-299 Y165F I180V ]S95P Q217L S254N R2_V71 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V G44A S95P V97I R2_V72 3-3.9 10-29 100-199 Y165F I180V D142E S147T F170Y R2_V73 4-4.9 10-29 >300 Y165F I180V S140T F165Y A236N R2_V74 4-4.9 10-29 100-199 Y165F I180V V97I K208A D268N R2_V75 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V V97I G128P V190A R2_V76 4-4.9 0-9 100-199 Y165F I180V Y136R N193R K270E R2_V77 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V Q25A G128P I149L R2_V78 4-4.9 10-29 >300 Y165F I180V V97I P118I D142E R2_V79 4-4.9 >50 200-299 Y165F I180V I132R Q217L P285S R2_V80 3-3.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V T47E I196L Y253Q R2_V81 4-4.9 30-49 200-299 Y165F I180V E51K Y136R V190A R2_V82 3-3.9 0-9 100-199 Y165F I180V E92N V180I D268N R2_V83 nd nd 0-9 Y165F I180V I132N R139E E220A R2_V84 4-4.9 30-49 100-199 Y165F I180V A87G K204A L274I R2_V85 0-2.9 0-9 10-99 Y165F I180V V97I S147T K270E R2_V86 4-4.9 0-9 100-199 Y165F I180V R139E Q174G Q244K R2_V87 4-4.9 30-49 200-299 Y165F I180V A84S A236N V296A R2_V88 0-2.9 0-9 >300 Y165F I180V T47E G128P W271R R2_V89 4-4.9 30-49 100-199 Y165F I180V E51K K85I P285S R2_V90 4-4.9 0-9 >300 Y165F I180V V180I Y253Q S256D R2_V91 4-4.9 >50 >300 Y165F I180V E51K S140T D142E R2_V92 4-4.9 30-49 100-199 Y165F I180V V97I E220A S256N R2_V93 4-4.9 0-9 >300 Y165F I180V Q174G N213A P285S R2_V94 4-4.9 10-29 >300 Y165F I180V P118I G128P I196L R2_V95 4-4.9 30-49 >300 Y165F I180V D134E K208A Y253Q *Specific Activity unit: μM/min per 1.2 ng/μl of uricase; #Pancreatin stability unit: half-life, minutes

Representative pancreatin stability data for a subset of the mutant C. utilis uricases is depicted in FIG. 3. A subset of mutant C. utilis uricases were further tested for thermal stability by differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF). DSF is a method to evaluate thermal stability by heating a protein in the presence of a fluorescent dye which will increase its fluorescence upon binding to the exposed hydrophobic interior of the protein after protein unfolding. Protein unfolding curves are depicted in FIG. 4. As can be seen, R2_V17 has the highest melting temperature among those tested, with a 5° C. increase relative to wild type uricase.

A subset of mutant C. utilis uricase enzymes were further tested for pancreatin stability by SDS-PAGE. FIG. 5 shows the analysis of R2_V17, R2_V4, and R2_V79 C. utilis uricase enzymes by SDS-PAGE following incubation of 144 ng/μL of uricase with 80 ng/μL of pancreatin in SIF buffer at 37° C. for the indicated time points. FIG. 6 shows the analysis of wild type and R2_V17 C. utilis uricase enzymes by SDS-PAGE following incubation of 100 ng/μL of uricase with 320 ng/μL of pancreatin in SIF buffer at 37° C. for the indicated time points. The results from the SDS-PAGE analysis are consistent with the activity assay data. In particular, the R2_V17, R2_V4 and R2_V79 mutants show increased stability in the presence of pancreatin relative to wild type.

Together, these results identify mutant C. utilis uricase enzymes with increased stability against pancreatin compared to the wild-type C. utilis uricase and without significantly decreased specific activity.

Example 2 Identification of Individual Substitutions that Improve Candida Utilis Uricase Stability

This example describes the testing of individual substitutions included in the recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricases described in Example 1.

Among the various substitutions included in the mutant Candida utilis uricases described in Example 1, a set of individual substitutions were selected for testing by protein modeling tools. In certain instances, conservative substitutions were tested along with the original substitution that was identified in Example 1. In total, 51 mutant C. utilis uricases, each with one amino acid substitution relative to the wild-type sequence, were designed and tested. The 51 mutant C. utilis uricases containing one amino acid substitution are indicated by the individual substitution in TABLE 5. The mutant C. utilis uricases were tested in a pancreatin stability assay along with a subset of the mutant C. utilis uricases described in Example 1. The subset of mutant C. utilis uricases described in Example 1 that were tested, containing five substitutions, are as set forth in TABLE 3. Results are summarized in TABLE 5, FIG. 7, and FIG. 8.

TABLE 5 depicts the amino acid substitutions for the mutant C. utilis uricases, as well as the specific activity (μM/minute per 1.2 μM of uricase), pancreatin stability (half-life, minutes.±SEM), and expression yield (μg/ml) for each enzyme. Pancreatin stability was assayed at 40 ng/μL soluble pancreatin. “nd” indicates that activity and stability measurements were not determined due to insufficient expression yield.

TABLE 5 Specific Activity Pancreatin Stability Expression (μM/minute per Clone (half-life, minutes) (μg/ml) 1.2 μM of uricase) R2_V17 >125 200-299 100-124 R2_V4 >125 200-299 >150 R2_V79 >125 100-199  0-99 R2_V47 >125 200-299 125-149 R2_V91 >125 >300 100-124 R2_V39 >125 200-299  0-99 R2_V75 >125 200-299 125-149 R2_V51 >125 >300 125-149 R2_V26 100-124  100-199 125-149 R2_V27 100-124  200-299 125-149 R2_V71 100-124  >300 100-124 R2_V56 100-124  >300 100-124 R2_V45 100-124  200-299 100-124 R2_V28 100-124  200-299 125-149 R2_V61 100-124  200-299 100-124 R2_V68 100-124  10-99 125-149 R2_V2 100-124  200-299 100-124 R2_V95 100-124  200-299 125-149 R2_V81 100-124  100-199 125-149 R2_V15 50-99  10-99 125-149 R2_V64 50-99  >300 125-149 R2_V42 50-99  >300 100-124 R2_V14 50-99  100-199 125-149 R2_V10 50-99  200-299 100-124 R2_V24 50-99  200-299  0-99 R2_V22 50-99  >300 125-149 R2_Parent 50-99  >300 125-149 R2_V30 50-99  200-299 125-149 R2_V38 50-99  200-299 100-124 I180V 10-49  200-299 125-149 I180A 10-49  10-99 >150 Y165F 10-49  200-299  0-99 V190G 10-49  100-199 100-124 E51K 10-49  200-299 125-149 Q244K 10-49  200-299 100-124 I132R 5-9.9 100-199 125-149 V97I 5-9.9 200-299 125-149 E92N 5-9.9 200-299 125-149 A87G 5-9.9 200-299 125-149 D142E 5-9.9 >300 125-149 G44A 5-9.9 >300 100-124 G128P 5-9.9 >300 100-124 A236N 5-9.9 >300 100-124 K208A 5-9.9 >300 100-124 N213A 5-9.9 200-299 125-149 V190A 5-9.9 200-299 125-149 S140T 5-9.9 >300 125-149 Y253Q 5-9.9 200-299 125-149 A84S 5-9.9 >300 125-149 V190D 5-9.9 200-299 125-149 WT 5-9.9 >300 100-124 V190I 5-9.9 200-299 125-149 A87V 5-9.9 200-299 125-149 N193R 5-9.9 >300 100-124 Q25A 5-9.9 >300 125-149 K204A 5-9.9 200-299 125-149 I149L 5-9.9 >300 100-124 G44S 5-9.9 200-299 125-149 Q217L 5-9.9 200-299 >150 D142Q 5-9.9 200-299 125-149 V190L 5-9.9 200-299 100-124 G44L 5-9.9 200-299 >150 A87S 5-9.9 200-299 125-149 I180L 5-9.9 200-299 125-149 I149A 0-4.9 10-99 125-149 G44V 0-4.9 200-299 125-149 V97L 0-4.9 200-299 125-149 G44I 0-4.9 200-299 125-149 I149V 0-4.9 10-99 100-124 A87I 0-4.9 10-99 125-15  V97A 0-4.9 100-199 100-124 I180G nd 10-99 nd Y165W 0-4.9 100-199  0-99 V97G nd 10-99 nd A87L nd 0-9 nd I149E nd 0-9 nd Y165K 0-4.9 200-299  0-99 I180E nd 10-99 nd V97D nd 0-9 nd I149G nd 0-9 nd

Together, these results identify mutant C. utilis uricases with increased stability against pancreatin compared to the wild-type C. utilis uricase and without significantly decreased specific activity, and identify single substitutions that are sufficient to increase C. utilis uricase stability.

Example 3 Recombinant Mutant Candida Utilis Uricase Reduces Severe Hyperuricemia and Normalizes Hyperuricosuria in Nephropathic UrOx Knockout (UrOxKO) Mice

In this example, the effect of targeted gut elimination of urate (uric acid) by oral administration of recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase on hyperuricemia (excessive amounts of urate in blood) and hyperuricosuria (excessive amounts of uric acid in urine) was investigated. The UrOxKO mice, generated with a targeted mutation at the urate oxidase locus by gene targeting in ES cells (following the method described in Wu et al., PROC. NAT. ACAD. SCI. USA (1994), 91:742-746), develop severe hyperuricemia, hyperuricosuria, and uric acid crystalline obstructive nephropathy, and, therefore, is a suitable model to investigate hyperuricemia and associated disorders mimicking the human conditions.

An expression vector comprising a codon-optimized nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, which encodes a mutant Candida utilis uricase, was expressed in E. coli, and the expressed recombinant mutant uricase was isolated and purified.

(SEQ ID NO: 13) ATGAGCACCACACTGAGCAGCAGCACCTATGGTAAAGATAATGTGAAATTC CTGAAAGTGAAAAAAGATCCGCAGAACCCGAAAAAACAAGAAGTTATGGAA GCAACCGTTACCTGTCTGCTGGAAGGTGCATTTGATACCAGCTATACCAAA GCAGATAATAGCAGCATTGTTCCGACCGATACCGTGAAAAATACCATTCTG GTTCTGGCAAAAACCACCGAAATTTGGCCGATTGAACGTTTTGCAGCCAAA CTGGCAACCCATTTTGTTGAGAAATATTCTCATGTTAGCGGTGTGAGCGTT AAAATTGTTCAGGATCGTTGGGTTAAATATGCCGTTGATGGTAAACCGCAT GATCACAGCTTTATTCATGAAGGTGGTGAAAAACGTCGTACCGATCTGTAT TACAAACGTAGCGGTGATTATAAACTGTCCAGCGCAATTAAAGATCTGACC GTTCTGAAAAGCACCGGCAGCATGTTTTATGGTTTTAACAAATGCGATTTC ACAACCCTGCAGCCGACCACCGATCGTGTTCTGAGCACCGATGTTGATGCA ACCTGGGTTTGGGATAATAAGAAAATTGGTAGCGTGTACGATATTGCCAAA GCAGCAGATAAAGGCATCTTCGATAATGTGTATAATCAGGCACGTGAAATT ACCCTGACCACCTTTGCACTGGAAAATAGCCCGAGCGTTCAGGCAACCATG TTTAATATGGCGACCCAGATTCTGGAAAAAGCGTGTAGCGTTTATAGCGTT AGCTATGCACTGCCGAACAAACACTATTTTCTGATTGACCTGAAATGGAAG GGCCTTGAAAATGATAACGAACTGTTTTATCCGAGTCCGCATCCGAATGGT CTGATTAAATGTACCGTTGTGCGTAAAGAGAAAACCAAACTG

The study used UrOxKO mice in three parallel arms in three study periods—a pre-treatment arm, a treatment arm, and a follow-up arm, each lasting 7 days. All mice received 150 mg/L allopurinol (ALLO) prior to initiation of the study; this phase is the maintenance dose of ALLO. During the “pre-treatment” period the mice were not administered the maintenance dose of ALLO or any other therapeutic agent for treating severe hyperuricemia, hyperuricosuria, and uric acid crystalline obstructive nephropathy.

Eight (8) mice were selected in the treatment arm for treatment with recombinant mutant uricase, and, as a positive control, seventeen (17) mice were selected for treatment with allopurinol (ALLO) (n=9 for ALLO 150 mg/L, and n=8 for ALLO 50 mg/L); measurements of plasma urate levels were taken from the same group of mice (i.e., closed cohort) before starting treatment (on day 7 of removal of ALLO maintenance dose, or day 7 of the pre-treatment period), during treatment (on day 7 of treatment (spray dried powder of 25% Uricase and 75% trehalose, mixed with 3.5g food, was administered each day for 7 days, and measurements were taken on day 7 of the treatment)), and in the follow-up arm, 7 days after termination of treatment. In both the recombinant mutant uricase and ALLO cohorts, mice received a maintenance dose of 150 mg/L ALLO before initiation of the respective pre-treatment observation period.

At the start of the pre-treatment period, the maintenance dose of 150 mg/L ALLO was removed. The plasma urate levels were measured in plasma samples collected on day 7 after removal of the maintenance dose of ALLO, and urine uric acid levels were measured in 24-hour urine samples collected during the last 3 days of the pre-treatment period. Plasma urate levels and urine uric acid levels were measured following the Liquick Cor-UA 30 plus protocol by Cormay, Poland (Liquick Cor-UA 30 plus, kit size 5×30 ml, Cat. No. 2-260.

Mice treated with the recombinant mutant uricase (n=8) orally received approximately 62 mg/day (or 1,500 U/day) recombinant mutant uricase mixed with food (spray dried powder of 25% Uricase and 75% trehalose, mixed with 3.5 g food). In the control group, mice (n=17) were administered 150 mg/L of ALLO (n=9) and 50 mg/L of ALLO (n=8), supplemented in water. The plasma urate levels were measured in blood samples collected from the mice on day 7 of treatment with recombinant mutant uricase, ALLO 150 mg/L, and ALLO 50 mg/L, respectively, and urine uric acid levels were measured in 24-hour urine samples collected during the last 3 days of the treatment period.

In the follow-up period, plasma urate levels were measured in blood samples collected from the mice on day 7 after termination of treatment with recombinant mutant uricase, ALLO 150 mg/L, and ALLO 50 mg/L, respectively.

The assay for urine uric acid was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions (Liquick Cor-UA 30 plus protocol by Cormay, Poland (Liquick Cor-UA 30 plus, kit size 5×30 ml, Cat. No. 2-260)). For example, urine samples were diluted 1:4, 1:9, or 1:14 depending on groups of animals and the time of collection. To prevent precipitation of salts of uric acid, 1 drop of NaOH (500 g/L) was added to the collection tube before collection of a 24-hour specimen.

Plasma urate levels were also measured according to manufacturer's instructions (Liquick Cor-UA 30 plus protocol). Urate levels in the blood samples were measured without dilution or diluted 1:1 with double-distilled water (ddH₂O).

The measured plasma urate levels and the urine uric acid levels demonstrated that hyperuricemia (i.e., excess of uric acid in the blood) was reduced significantly (p<0.001) and hyperuricosuria (i.e., the presence of excessive amounts of uric acid in the urine) normalized in 7 days after oral administration of the recombinant mutant uricase (FIGS. 9A and 9B). Mice treated with recombinant mutant uricase had a plasma urate decrease by 44% from pre-treatment (standard of mean (SEM) 14.5±0.9 to 8.1±0.5 mg/dL), which was similar to 51% decrease observed in the 50 mg/L ALLO mice (mean (SEM) 13.2±2.6 to 6.5±1.1 mg/dL); p=NS. The result demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the effects of ALLO 50 mg/L and recombinant mutant uricase on plasma urate levels. The highest reduction of 69% was observed in mice treated with ALLO 150 mg/L (mean (SEM) 13.8±1.7 to 4.3±0.6 mg/dL).

The removal of recombinant mutant uricase or ALLO resulted in hyperuricemia returning to approximately the pre-treatment levels. This was studied as follows.

Urine uric acid excretion normalized (<2 mg/24 hour) with recombinant mutant uricase with 86% reduction (mean (SEM) 4.7±0.6 to 0.7±0.1mg/24 h); while in mice treated with ALLO 50 mg/L and 150 mg/L, reduction was 34% (mean (SEM) 4.9±0.4 to 3.2±0.3 mg/24 h) and 66% (mean (SEM) 6.4±0.7 to 2.2±0.3 mg/24 h), respectively. Analysis of digesta (the semifluid mass into which food is converted by gastric secretion and which passes from the stomach into the small intestine) from different parts of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) indicated the uric acid is present along the whole gut, confirming secretion of the urate from circulation.

The results presented in this example demonstrated that targeting enteric uric acid (uric acid secrete from circulation into intestine), by orally administered recombinant mutant uricase successfully lowered serum uric acid level, and normalized urinary uric acid in nephropathic UrOxKO mice.

NUMBERED EMBODIMENTS

It is to be understood that while the present disclosure has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the disclosure, which is presented by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.

Embodiments disclosed herein include embodiments P1 to P53, as provided in the numbered embodiments of the disclosure:

Embodiment P1: A recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase comprising at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven or eight) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is selected from: (a) at position 180, isoleucine is substituted by valine or alanine (I180V or I180A), (b) at position 165, tyrosine is substituted by phenylalanine (Y165F), (c) at position 190, valine is substituted by glycine or alanine (V190G or V190A), (d) at position 51, glutamic acid is substituted by lysine (E51K), (e) at position 244, glutamine is substitute by lysine (Q244K), (f) at position 132, isoleucine is substituted by arginine or asparagine (I132R or I132N), (g) at position 97, valine is substituted by isoleucine (V97I), (h) at position 92, glutamic acid is substituted by asparagine (E92N), (i) at position 87, alanine is substituted by glycine (A87G), (j) at position 142, aspartic acid is substituted by glutamic acid (D142E), (k) at position 44, glycine is substituted by alanine (G44A), (1) at position 128, glycine is substituted by proline (G128P), (m) at position 236, alanine is substituted by asparagine (A236N), (n) at position 208, lysine is substituted by alanine (K208A), (o) at position 213, asparagine is substituted by alanine (N213A), (p) at position 140, serine is substituted by threonine (S140T), (q) at position 253, tyrosine is substituted by glutamine (Y253Q), (r) at position 84, alanine is substituted by serine (A84S), (s) at position 47, threonine is substituted by glutamic acid (T47E), (t) at position 95, serine is substituted by proline (S95P), (u) at position 103, lysine is substituted by threonine (K103T), (v) at position 134, aspartic acid is substituted by glutamic acid (D134E), (w) at position 136, tyrosine is substituted by arginine (Y136R), (x) at position 196, isoleucine is substituted by leucine (I196L), (y) at position 224, threonine is substituted by aspartic acid (T224D), (z) at position 285, proline is substituted by serine (P285S), and (aa) at position 296, valine is substituted by alanine (V296A).

Embodiment P2: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of embodiment P1, wherein the uricase comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, V190A, E51K, Q244K, I132R, V97I, E92N, A87G, D142E, G44A, G128P, A236N, K208A, N213A, S140T, Y253Q, and A84S.

Embodiment P3: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of embodiment P1 or P2, wherein the uricase comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, Q244K, I132R, V97I, E92N, A87G, D142E, and G44A.

Embodiment P4: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P3, wherein the uricase comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, I132R, and G44A.

Embodiment P5: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P4, wherein the uricase comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, E51K, I132R, and G44A.

Embodiment P6: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P5, wherein the uricase comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, Q244K, and I132R.

Embodiment P7: A recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase comprising at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, five, or six) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is present at a position selected from position 180, position 165, position 190, position 51, position 132, and position 44.

Embodiment P8: A recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase comprising at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, or five) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is present at a position selected from position 180, position 165, position 51, position 132, and position 44.

Embodiment P9: A recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase comprising at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, five, or six) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is present at a position selected from position 180, position 165, position 190, position 51, position 244, and position 132.

Embodiment P10: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P9, wherein the uricase comprises two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight mutations.

Embodiment P11: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P10, wherein the uricase comprises the following substitutions: I180V, Y165F, E51K, I132R, and G44A.

Embodiment P12: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P10, wherein the uricase comprises the following substitutions: I180A, Y165F, E51K, I132R, and G44A.

Embodiment P13: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P10, wherein the uricase comprises the following substitutions: I180V, Y165F, V190G, E51K, I132R, and G44A.

Embodiment P14: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P10, wherein the uricase comprises the following substitutions: I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, I132R, and G44A.

Embodiment P15: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P10, wherein the uricase comprises the following substitutions: I180V and Y165F.

Embodiment P16: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P10, wherein the uricase comprises the following substitutions: I180V, Y165F, V190G, E51K, Q244K, and I132R.

Embodiment P17: A recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase comprising a substitution listed in TABLE 1 or TABLE 2.

Embodiment P18: A recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase having a half-life of at least 35 minutes in the presence of pancreatin.

Embodiment P19: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of embodiment P17, wherein the half-life is 35-200 minutes in the presence of pancreatin.

Embodiment P20: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P19, wherein the uricase has 5-50 fold higher stability in the presence of pancreatin, compared to the wild-type uricase.

Embodiment P21: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of embodiment P20, wherein the uricase has 20-30 fold higher stability in the presence of pancreatin, compared to the wild-type uricase.

Embodiment P22: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P21, wherein the uricase is isolated.

Embodiment P23: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P22, wherein the uricase is conjugated to a water soluble polymer.

Embodiment P24: The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of embodiment P23, wherein the uricase is conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG).

Embodiment P25: An expression vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P24.

Embodiment P26: The expression vector of embodiment P25, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant mutant uricase is codon optimized for expression in a heterologous cell.

Embodiment P27: The expression vector of embodiment P26, wherein the heterologous cell is Escherichia coli.

Embodiment P28: A cell comprising the expression vector of any one of embodiments P25-P27.

Embodiment P29: The cell of embodiment 28, wherein the cell is Escherichia coli.

Embodiment P30: A pharmaceutical composition comprising the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P24.

Embodiment P31: The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment P30, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or an excipient.

Embodiment P32: The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment P30 or P31, wherein the composition is formulated as an oral dosage form or a parenteral dosage form.

Embodiment P33: The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment P32, wherein the composition is formulated as an oral dosage form.

Embodiment P34: The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments P30-P33, wherein the composition is a formulated as a powder, granulate, pellet, micropellet, or a minitablet.

Embodiment P35: The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments P30-P34, wherein the composition is encapsulated in a capsule or formulated as a tablet dosage form.

Embodiment P36: The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment P35, wherein the capsule is a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) capsule, soft gelatin capsule, or a hard gelatin capsule.

Embodiment P37: The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment P32, wherein the composition is formulated as a parenteral dosage form.

Embodiment P38: The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment P37, wherein the composition is formulated as an intravenous dosage form.

Embodiment P39: A method of treating a disease or disorder associated with an elevated amount of uric acid in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P24, thereby treating the disease or disorder in the subject.

Embodiment P40: The method of embodiment P39, wherein the disease or disorder is associated with an elevated amount of uric acid in plasma of the subject.

Embodiment P41: A method of treating hyperuricemia in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P24, thereby treating hyperuricemia in the subject.

Embodiment P42: A method of treating gout in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P24, thereby to treat gout in the subject.

Embodiment P43: A method of treating hyperuricemia in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments P30-P38, thereby to treat hyperuricemia in the subject.

Embodiment P44: A method of treating gout in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments P30-P38, thereby to treat gout in the subject.

Embodiment P45: The method of any one of embodiments P39-P44, wherein the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase is administered in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, a uricosuric, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment P46: The method of embodiment P45, wherein the xanthine oxidase inhibitor is selected from allopurinol and febuxostat.

Embodiment P47: The method of embodiment P45, wherein the uricosuric is selected from probenecid, benzbromarone, losartan and lesinurad.

Embodiment P48: A method of treating hyperuricosuria in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of embodiments P1-P24, thereby treating hyperuricosuria in the subject.

Embodiment P49: A method of treating hyperuricosuria in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments P30-P38, thereby to treat hyperuricosuria in the subject.

Embodiment P50: The method of embodiment P48 or P49, wherein the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase is administered in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, a uricosuric, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment P51: The method of embodiment P48 or P49, wherein the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase is administered subsequent to administration of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, a uricosuric, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment P52: The method of embodiment P50 or P51, wherein the xanthine oxidase inhibitor is selected from allopurinol and febuxostat.

Embodiment P53: The method of embodiment P50 or P51, wherein the uricosuric is selected from probenecid, benzbromarone, losartan and lesinurad.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

The entire disclosure of each of the patent and scientific documents referred to herein is incorporated by reference for all purposes.

EQUIVALENTS

The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting on the invention described herein. Scope of the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase comprising at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven or eight) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is selected from: (a) at position 180, isoleucine is substituted by valine or alanine (I180V or I180A), (b) at position 165, tyrosine is substituted by phenylalanine (Y165F), (c) at position 190, valine is substituted by glycine or alanine (V190G or V190A), (d) at position 51, glutamic acid is substituted by lysine (E51K), (e) at position 244, glutamine is substitute by lysine (Q244K), (f) at position 132, isoleucine is substituted by arginine or asparagine (I132R or I132N), (g) at position 97, valine is substituted by isoleucine (V97I), (h) at position 92, glutamic acid is substituted by asparagine (E92N), (i) at position 87, alanine is substituted by glycine (A87G), (j) at position 142, aspartic acid is substituted by glutamic acid (D142E), (k) at position 44, glycine is substituted by alanine (G44A), (1) at position 128, glycine is substituted by proline (G128P), (m) at position 236, alanine is substituted by asparagine (A236N), (n) at position 208, lysine is substituted by alanine (K208A), (o) at position 213, asparagine is substituted by alanine (N213A), (p) at position 140, serine is substituted by threonine (5140T), (q) at position 253, tyrosine is substituted by glutamine (Y253Q), (r) at position 84, alanine is substituted by serine (A84S), (s) at position 47, threonine is substituted by glutamic acid (T47E), (t) at position 95, serine is substituted by proline (595P), (u) at position 103, lysine is substituted by threonine (K103T), (v) at position 134, aspartic acid is substituted by glutamic acid (D134E), (w) at position 136, tyrosine is substituted by arginine (Y136R), (x) at position 196, isoleucine is substituted by leucine (I196L), (y) at position 224, threonine is substituted by aspartic acid (T224D), (z) at position 285, proline is substituted by serine (P285S), and (aa) at position 296, valine is substituted by alanine (V296A).
 2. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of claim 1, wherein the uricase comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, V190A, E51K, Q244K, I132R, V97I, E92N, A87G, D142E, G44A, G128P, A236N, K208A, N213A, S140T, Y253Q, and A84S.
 3. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of claim 1 or 2, wherein the uricase comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, Q244K, I132R, V97I, E92N, A87G, D142E, and G44A.
 4. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the uricase comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, I132R, and G44A.
 5. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the uricase comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, E51K, I132R, and G44A.
 6. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the uricase comprises at least one mutation selected from: I180V, I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, Q244K, and I132R.
 7. A recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase comprising at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, five, or six) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is present at a position selected from position 180, position 165, position 190, position 51, position 132, and position
 44. 8. A recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase comprising at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, or five) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is present at a position selected from position 180, position 165, position 51, position 132, and position
 44. 9. A recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase comprising at least one (for example, one, two, three, four, five, or six) mutation(s) at a position corresponding to wild type C. utilis uricase of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the at least one mutation is present at a position selected from position 180, position 165, position 190, position 51, position 244, and position
 132. 10. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the uricase comprises two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight mutations.
 11. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the uricase comprises the following substitutions: I180V, Y165F, E51K, I132R, and G44A.
 12. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the uricase comprises the following substitutions: I180A, Y165F, E51K, I132R, and G44A.
 13. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the uricase comprises the following substitutions: I180V, Y165F, V190G, E51K, I132R, and G44A.
 14. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the uricase comprises the following substitutions: I180A, Y165F, V190G, E51K, I132R, and G44A.
 15. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the uricase comprises the following substitutions: I180V and Y165F.
 16. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the uricase comprises the following substitutions: I180V, Y165F, V190G, E51K, Q244K, and I132R.
 17. A recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase comprising a substitution listed in TABLE 1 or TABLE
 2. 18. A recombinant mutant Candida utilis uricase having a half-life of at least 35 minutes in the presence of pancreatin.
 19. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of claim 17, wherein the half-life is 35-200 minutes in the presence of pancreatin.
 20. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the uricase has 5-50 fold higher stability in the presence of pancreatin, compared to the wild-type uricase.
 21. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of claim 20, wherein the uricase has 20-30 fold higher stability in the presence of pancreatin, compared to the wild-type uricase.
 22. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-21, wherein the uricase is isolated.
 23. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the uricase is conjugated to a water soluble polymer.
 24. The recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of claim 23, wherein the uricase is conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG).
 25. An expression vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-24.
 26. The expression vector of claim 25, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant mutant uricase is codon optimized for expression in a heterologous cell.
 27. The expression vector of claim 26, wherein the heterologous cell is Escherichia coli.
 28. A cell comprising the expression vector of any one of claims 25-27.
 29. The cell of claim 28, wherein the cell is Escherichia coli.
 30. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-24.
 31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 30, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or an excipient.
 32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 30 or 31, wherein the composition is formulated as an oral dosage form or a parenteral dosage form.
 33. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 32, wherein the composition is formulated as an oral dosage form.
 34. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 30-33, wherein the composition is a formulated as a powder, granulate, pellet, micropellet, or a minitablet.
 35. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 30-34, wherein the composition is encapsulated in a capsule or formulated as a tablet dosage form.
 36. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein the capsule is a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) capsule, soft gelatin capsule, or a hard gelatin capsule.
 37. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 32, wherein the composition is formulated as a parenteral dosage form.
 38. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 37, wherein the composition is formulated as an intravenous dosage form.
 39. A method of treating a disease or disorder associated with an elevated amount of uric acid in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-24, thereby treating the disease or disorder in the subject.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the disease or disorder is associated with an elevated amount of uric acid in plasma of the subject.
 41. A method of treating hyperuricemia in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-24, thereby treating hyperuricemia in the subject.
 42. A method of treating gout in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-24, thereby to treat gout in the subject.
 43. A method of treating hyperuricemia in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 30-38, thereby to treat hyperuricemia in the subject.
 44. A method of treating gout in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 30-38, thereby to treat gout in the subject.
 45. The method of any one of claims 39-44, wherein the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase is administered in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, a uricosuric, or a combination thereof.
 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the xanthine oxidase inhibitor is selected from allopurinol and febuxostat.
 47. The method of claim 45, wherein the uricosuric is selected from probenecid, benzbromarone, losartan and lesinurad.
 48. A method of treating hyperuricosuria in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase of any one of claims 1-24, thereby treating hyperuricosuria in the subject.
 49. A method of treating hyperuricosuria in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 30-38, thereby to treat hyperuricosuria in the subject.
 50. The method of claim 48 or 49, wherein the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase is administered in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, a uricosuric, or a combination thereof.
 51. The method of claim 48 or 49, wherein the recombinant mutant C. utilis uricase is administered subsequent to administration of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, a uricosuric, or a combination thereof.
 52. The method of claim 50 or 51, wherein the xanthine oxidase inhibitor is selected from allopurinol and febuxostat.
 53. The method of claim 50 or 51, wherein the uricosuric is selected from probenecid, benzbromarone, losartan and lesinurad. 